Hydrocarbons are usually from crude oil by fractional distillation(分馏) Gas Gasoline Fig 12.3 a 30°c-180°c schematic for Naphtha the fractional 110°c-195°c distillation of → Kerosene petroleum into 170c-290°C its useful hydrocarbon → Heating oil components 260°C-350°c Lubricating oil Heated 300°c-370°c crude oil at370°c → Residue
Hydrocarbons are usually from crude oil by fractional distillation (分馏). Fig12.3 a schematic for the fractional distillation of petroleum into its useful hydrocarbon components
122 Unsaturated hydrocarbons(不饱和烃) contain multiple bonds saturated hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3 CH=CH--CH3 n-butane 2-butene
12.2 Unsaturated hydrocarbons (不饱和烃) contain multiple bonds CH3 CH CH CH3 2-butene saturated hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon CH3－CH2－ CH2 － CH3 n-butane
Benzene(苯) and aromatic compounds(芳香化合物) Fig 12.8 (a) the double bonds of benzene, C6H6, are able to migrate around the ring. (b) for this reason, they are often represented by a circle within the ring
Benzene (苯) and aromatic compounds (芳香化合物) Fig 12.8 (a) the double bonds of benzene, C6H6, are able to migrate around the ring. (b) for this reason, they are often represented by a circle within the ring (a) (b)
toluene naphthalene 1. 4-dichlorobenzene
toluene naphthalene 1,4-dichlorobenzene Cl Cl
12. 3 Organic molecules are classified by functional group(官能团) N Important Functional Groups and Their Reactions ·醇、酚、醚、豆 W Functional Group Name Typical Reactions Carbon-carbon Addition reactions with halogens 胺、酮、醛、 double bond hydrogen halides, and water: with hal 酰胺、羧酸、 triple bond hydrogen halides; hydrogenation to yield alkenes and alkanes 酯 halogen Exchange reactions (X=F, CL, Br, D CHCH,Br+K CHCH,I+ KBr 0-H Hydroxyl Esterification(formation of an ester) with carboxylic acids; oxidation to aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids Reduction to yield alcohols, oxidation 4 o of aldehydes to yield carboxylic acids Carboxyl Esterification with alcohols: reaction with phosphorus pentachloride to yield acid chlorides :O: -O-R Ester Hydrolysis to yield acids and alcohols (R= hydrocarbon) An Formation of ammonium salts with (R= H or hydrocarbon)
12.3 Organic molecules are classified by functional group (官能团) • 醇、酚、醚、 胺、酮、醛、 酰胺、羧酸、 酯