Unit 7 Section A I Background Knowledge Luca Cavalli-Sforza(A) Cavalli-Sforza, born in Genoa, Italy, was educated at the University of Pavia where he gained his MD in 1944. After working on bacterial genetics at Cambridge(1948-1950)and Milan(1950 1957)he has held chairs in genetics at Parma(1958-1962)and Pavia(1962-1970). In 1970 he was appointed professor of genetics at the University of Stanford, California, a position he held until his retirement in 1992 Luca Cavalli-Sforza(B) Cavalli-Sforza has specialized mainly in the genetics of human populations, producing with Walter Bodmer a comprehensive survey of the subject in their Genetics, Evolution and Man (1976). He has also done much to show how genetic data from present human racial groups could be used to reconstruct their past separations. This reconstruction, based on the analysis of 58 genes, yields a bifurcated evolutionary tree with Caucasian and African races in one branch and Orientals Oceanians. and Amerinds in the other Christopher Columbus, an Italian-born master navigator(born in Genoa, Italy in 1451 and died at Valladolid, Spain in 1506) who sailed in the service of Spain, is commonly described as the discoverer of the New world- America His four transatlantic voyages(1492-1493, 1493-1496, 1498-1500, and 1502-1504)opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas mbuS Columbus's real greatness lies in the fact that having found the West Indies- making major errors in his navigational computations and location in doing so- he was able to find his way back to Europe and return to the Indies. It is as the result of Columbus's "discovery"that the New World became part of the European world The human genetic map(A) Our bodies are comprised of trillions of microscopic units called cells. Cells in turn are built u from many specific types of molecules, both large and small. The large molecules or macromolecules include polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. Proteins are the workhorses of our cells. There are about 40,000 different types of proteins in our bodies. Each protein is present in many, many copies The human genetic map(B) An adult, for example, carries about 1021(a billion trillion) hemoglobin molecules. The flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNa to Protein. Each protein is a linear polymer of a specific
Unit 7 Section A I. Background Knowledge Luca Cavalli-Sforza (A) Cavalli-Sforza, born in Genoa, Italy, was educated at the University of Pavia where he gained his MD in 1944. After working on bacterial genetics at Cambridge (1948－1950) and Milan (1950－ 1957) he has held chairs in genetics at Parma (1958－1962) and Pavia (1962－1970). In 1970 he was appointed professor of genetics at the University of Stanford, California, a position he held until his retirement in 1992. Luca Cavalli-Sforza (B) Cavalli-Sforza has specialized mainly in the genetics of human populations, producing with Walter Bodmer a comprehensive survey of the subject in their Genetics, Evolution and Man (1976). He has also done much to show how genetic data from present human racial groups could be used to reconstruct their past separations. This reconstruction, based on the analysis of 58 genes, yields a bifurcated evolutionary tree with Caucasian and African races in one branch and Orientals, Oceanians, and Amerinds in the other. Columbus (A) Christopher Columbus, an Italian-born master navigator (born in Genoa, Italy in 1451 and died at Valladolid, Spain in 1506) who sailed in the service of Spain, is commonly described as the discoverer of the New World — America. His four transatlantic voyages (1492－1493, 1493－1496, 1498－1500, and 1502－1504) opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas. Columbus (B) Columbus’s real greatness lies in the fact that having found the West Indies — making major errors in his navigational computations and location in doing so — he was able to find his way back to Europe and return to the Indies. It is as the result of Columbus’s “discovery” that the New World became part of the European world. The human genetic map (A) Our bodies are comprised of trillions of microscopic units called cells. Cells in turn are built up from many specific types of molecules, both large and small. The large molecules or macromolecules include polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. Proteins are the workhorses of our cells. There are about 40,000 different types of proteins in our bodies. Each protein is present in many, many copies. The human genetic map (B) An adult, for example, carries about 1021 (a billion trillion) hemoglobin molecules. The flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA to Protein. Each protein is a linear polymer of a specific
sequence of 20 different amino acids. DNA is also a linear polymer comprised of 4 types of nucleotides. The sequence of amino acids in each protein is encoded by a segment of dNA called a gene. Three consecutive nucleotides in a gene encode a single amino acid in the corresponding protein. The genetic code is universal among all living thing Khoisan Khoisan is the name by which the lighter skinned indigenous peoples of southern Africa, the Khoi ( Hottentots)and the San(Bushmen)are known. These people were the earliest inhabitants of Africa and dominated the sub-continent for millennia before the appearance of the Nguni and other black peoples. There were probably about 120, 000 living in South Africa around 1500 The Basques are a people who live in a small region(about the size of rhode Island in the United States) that straddles the border of Spain and France from the sea in the west into the Pyrenees in the east. This area is called Euskal Herria (comprising seven provinces, historically: Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Navarra on the Spanish side; Laburdi, Zuberoa, and Behe-Nafarroa on the French side). There are about 660,000, according to the 1991 census Fewer than 80,000 of these are on the French side of the frontier which runs through the basque Country, the rest on the Spanish side. Basques speak a language called euskara, but today only about 25% of the population is fluent in that tongue. Even so, the word for a Basque person, euskaldun, means"possessor of the Basque language". The Basque population is distinguished physically by a high incidence of Rh Negative factor in the blood No one knows exactly where the Basques came from. Some say they have lived in that area since Cro-Magnon man first roamed Europe. Estimates of how long they have lived there vary from 0,000 to 75,000 years. Some say they are descended from the original Iberians. More fanciful theories exist, as well. One is that the Basques are the descendents of the survivors of Atlantis II. Text Analysis 1. Main Idea What is the text mainly about? As the most extensive survey to date on how humans vary at the level of their genes, the book The History and Geography of Human Genes made two remarkable contributions to science: There is no scientific basis for the genetic superiority of one race over any other one; and it creates the first genetic map of the world. In the process of collecting information for the book, however, scientists encountered great difficulties. The ultimate goal of their work is to remove racial prejudice The passage falls into four parts. It evolves from the two outstanding scientific contributions of the book through induction. Next, it moves back to the illustrations, as an inserted part, of hard work in collecting the information needed for the book. Then, the passage comes to the scientists
sequence of 20 different amino acids. DNA is also a linear polymer comprised of 4 types of nucleotides. The sequence of amino acids in each protein is encoded by a segment of DNA called a gene. Three consecutive nucleotides in a gene encode a single amino acid in the corresponding protein. The genetic code is universal among all living things. Khoisan Khoisan is the name by which the lighter skinned indigenous peoples of southern Africa, the Khoi (Hottentots) and the San (Bushmen) are known. These people were the earliest inhabitants of Africa and dominated the sub-continent for millennia before the appearance of the Nguni and other black peoples. There were probably about 120,000 living in South Africa around 1500. Basques (A) The Basques are a people who live in a small region (about the size of Rhode Island in the United States) that straddles the border of Spain and France from the sea in the west into the Pyrenees in the east. This area is called Euskal Herria (comprising seven provinces, historically: Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Navarra on the Spanish side; Laburdi, Zuberoa, and Behe-Nafarroa on the French side). There are about 660,000, according to the 1991 census. Basques (B) Fewer than 80,000 of these are on the French side of the frontier which runs through the Basque Country, the rest on the Spanish side. Basques speak a language called euskara, but today only about 25% of the population is fluent in that tongue. Even so, the word for a Basque person, euskaldun, means “possessor of the Basque language”. The Basque population is distinguished physically by a high incidence of Rh Negative factor in the blood. Basques (C) No one knows exactly where the Basques came from. Some say they have lived in that area since Cro-Magnon man first roamed Europe. Estimates of how long they have lived there vary from 10,000 to 75,000 years. Some say they are descended from the original Iberians. More fanciful theories exist, as well. One is that the Basques are the descendents of the survivors of Atlantis. II. Text Analysis 1. Main Idea What is the text mainly about? As the most extensive survey to date on how humans vary at the level of their genes, the book The History and Geography of Human Genes made two remarkable contributions to science: There is no scientific basis for the genetic superiority of one race over any other one; and it creates the first genetic map of the world. In the process of collecting information for the book, however, scientists encountered great difficulties. The ultimate goal of their work is to remove racial prejudice. How is the text organized? The passage falls into four parts. It evolves from the two outstanding scientific contributions of the book through induction. Next, it moves back to the illustrations, as an inserted part, of hard work in collecting the information needed for the book. Then, the passage comes to the scientists’
remark-able discoveries, as listed in para. 5 to 9. It is concluded with the social effect, the ultimate aim. of their research 2. Structure The History and Geography of Human Genes, a book containing the results of more than 50 years of research in population genetic, argues against the theories pushing the genetic superiority of any one population over another. Para. Contribution of the book. The book created the first genetic map of the world and traced the routes of early humans migration to find the closest thing we have to a global family tree Para. 2 Hard job in establishing the global family tree To draw the tree, information should be collected from human blood. Scientists assembled profits of hundreds of thousands of individuals from almost 2, 000 groups over decades, confining the study to groups that were in their present locations as of 1492 to ensure the population was"pu Para. 3 One example of the difficulties in collecting blood sample Ancient population in remote areas was often afraid to cooperate, or raised religious concerns Contributions of the first genetic map of the world Major discover Para.5 Australians are most distant from the Africans in the map. No genetic difference, despite t he racial differences, between Europeans and Africans Para. 6 The same map, in combination with ancient human bones, confirms that Africa was the birthplace of humanity The genetic maps shed new light on the origins of populations Example1: the origin of the Khoisan people in southern Africa Para. 8 Example2: the origin of the Basques Para. 9 Genetic raw material from the research could have some value in making some medicines Para.10 Apart from scientific value of the research, the social significance is to weaken conventional notions of race that cause racial prejudice anguage points
remark-able discoveries, as listed in para. 5 to 9. It is concluded with the social effect, the ultimate aim, of their research. 2. Structure The History and Geography of Human Genes, a book containing the results of more than 50 years of research in population genetic, argues against the theories pushing the genetic superiority of any one population over another. Para.1 Contribution of the book: The book created the first genetic map of the world and traced the routes of early human’s migration to find the closest thing we have to a global family tree. Para.2 Hard job in establishing the global family tree: To draw the tree, information should be collected from human blood. Scientists assembled profits of hundreds of thousands of individuals from almost 2,000 groups over decades, confining the study to groups that were in their present locations as of 1492 to ensure the population was “pure”. Para.3 One example of the difficulties in collecting blood sample: Ancient population in remote areas was often afraid to cooperate, or raised religious concerns. Para.4 Paras.5-9 Contributions of the first genetic map of the world Major discoveries: Para.5 Australians are most distant from the Africans in the map. No genetic difference, despite t he racial differences, between Europeans and Africans. Para.6 The same map, in combination with ancient human bones, confirms that Africa was the birthplace of humanity. Para.7 The genetic maps shed new light on the origins of populations. Example1: the origin of the Khoisan people in southern Africa Para.8 Example2: the origin of the Basques Para.9 Genetic raw material from the research could have some value in making some medicines Para.10 Conclusion: Apart from scientific value of the research, the social significance is to weaken conventional notions of race that cause racial prejudice. III. Language Points
(1). New words and Phrases 1. a top selling book: a book that a lot of people buy Of the ten top selling books this year, Six are non- -fiction ones.今年10本最畅销的书中,有 6本是非小说类的书籍 2. to date: until now至今,直到现在 To date, research has focused on the most obvious feature of living things: cell multiplication 迄今为止研究已集中到生物最明显的特性,即细胞繁殖上。 3. more than: having greater value or importance than sth.else”or“ not only…, not Just..” Please note here "more than" is used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of 1)"More than"followed by a noun phrase He' s more than a coach; he's a friend.他不只是一个教练,他更是一位朋友 2)"More than"followed by a verbal phrase She more than suffered from the disease;, she was penniless她不仅仅是饱受疾病之苦,而 且穷得身无分文。 He more than scolded me: he told me what to do next.他不只是责怪我,还告诉我以后该怎 么做 3) More than"followed by an adjective phrase She was more than glad to hear the news.听到这个消息她非常高兴。 His house is more than large and beautiful.他的房子非常大也非常漂亮 4. nothing less than: exactly the same as简直是,同……,一点也不差 Please note that"nothing less than"is often used to emphasize how important or undesirable something is. "Nothing less than"is often used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of comparison. 1)"Nothing less than followed by a noun phrase You're nothing less than a murderer!你简直是一个杀人犯! The setting up of this plant in three months is nothing less than a miracle三个月就建成了这 个工厂简直就是一个奇迹 2)Nothing less than, followed by an adjective phrase The present trend is nothing less than alarming.当前的这种趋势确实令人担心。 His experience is nothing less than magica.他的经历简直太具魔幻色彩 5. serve as: fulfil the purpose of(sth)起,.作用,当成 The judge said that the fine would serve as a warning to the motorist.法官说罚款会是对这 个驾驶者的一种警告 6. be confined to: be restricted or kept within certain limits or time限制于,局限于 So far, fighting has been confined to the capital city.到目前为止,战斗仍没有超出首都的 范围 7.asof/fom:( used when a new rule, system) starting from从…时候起 The new timetable will come into effect as/ January2003.新的时间表将从2003年1月起 生效 8. in effect: in fact事实上,实际上 What the management is saying, in effect, is that they are going to stop providing company cars.管理层的实际意思是,他们将停止提供公司公用车子 9. resemble: v look like or be similar to another person or thing
(1). New words and Phrases: 1. a top selling book: a book that a lot of people buy Of the ten top selling books this year, six are non-fiction ones. 今年 10 本最畅销的书中，有 6 本是非小说类的书籍。 2. to date: until now 至今，直到现在 To date, research has focused on the most obvious feature of living things: cell multiplication. 迄今为止研究已集中到生物最明显的特性，即细胞繁殖上。 3. more than: “having greater value or importance than sth. else” or “not only…, not just…” Please note here “more than” is used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of comparison. 1)“More than” followed by a noun phrase: He's more than a coach; he's a friend.他不只是一个教练，他更是一位朋友。 2)“More than” followed by a verbal phrase: She more than suffered from the disease; she was penniless. 她不仅仅是饱受疾病之苦，而 且穷得身无分文。 He more than scolded me: he told me what to do next. 他不只是责怪我，还告诉我以后该怎 么做。 3)“More than” followed by an adjective phrase: She was more than glad to hear the news. 听到这个消息她非常高兴。 His house is more than large and beautiful. 他的房子非常大也非常漂亮。 4. nothing less than: exactly the same as 简直是，同……一点也不差 Please note that “nothing less than” is often used to emphasize how important or undesirable something is. “Nothing less than” is often used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of comparison. 1) “Nothing less than” followed by a noun phrase: You're nothing less than a murderer! 你简直是一个杀人犯! The setting up of this plant in three months is nothing less than a miracle.三个月就建成了这 个工厂简直就是一个奇迹。 2) “Nothing less than” followed by an adjective phrase: The present trend is nothing less than alarming. 当前的这种趋势确实令人担心。 His experience is nothing less than magical. 他的经历简直太具魔幻色彩。 5. serve as: fulfil the purpose of (sth.) 起……作用，当成 The judge said that the fine would serve as a warning to the motorist. 法官说罚款会是对这 个驾驶者的一种警告。 6. be confined to: be restricted or kept within certain limits or time 限制于，局限于 So far, fighting has been confined to the capital city. 到目前为止，战斗仍没有超出首都的 范围。 7. as of /from: (used when a new rule, system) starting from 从……时候起 The new timetable will come into effect as of January 2003. 新的时间表将从 2003 年 1 月起 生效。 8. in effect: in fact 事实上，实际上 What the management is saying, in effect, is that they are going to stop providing company cars. 管理层的实际意思是，他们将停止提供公司公用车子。 9. resemble: v. look like or be similar to another person or thing
What she saw was the face of a stranger who resembled her.她看见一张很像她的陌生人的 脸 Paul's features bore a strong resemblance to his fathers.保罗的五官非常像他的父亲 I'm afraid that you'll find it hard to adapt, as the situation of the country bears little resemblance to that of our country.该国的国情与我国相差悬殊,恐怕你不容易适应 The boy takes afier his father: he has the same red hair, big feet, and quick temper.这男孩长 得像他父亲:同样的一头红发,大大的脚,脾气暴躁 10. adapt to: change one's behavior to deal with a new situation(改变……)使适应 Old buildings and streets, well cared for and adapted to today's needs, vastly enhance the quality of life.古老的建筑和街道被很好地维护和调整以适应今天的需要,这大大地提高 了我们的生活质量 n combination with: together with, in conjunction with与合作,共同 By using persuasion in combination with threats, she achieved great political success. te kiX 利诱和威胁并用的方式,获得了政治上的巨大成功 The artist uses photographs in combination with solid objects to produce this strange effect 这位艺术家用图片加实体的方法,创造出了这种奇异的效果 12.shed/ throw light on; make sth. easier to understand使(某事)更为清楚,阐明 Scientists have shed new light on the life of dinosaurs.科学家们对恐龙的生活有了新的认 be descended from: have sb. as an ancestor为.后裔,是.后人 Charles Darwin pointed out that human beings are descended from animals.查尔斯达尔文 指出人类是动物的后裔 14. distinctive: a. having a quality that makes sth. different and easily noticed The buildings most distinctive feature is its enormous dome- shaped roof:这幢建筑的最大 特色是它那巨大的圆形屋顶。 Compare: distinct: a. clearly noticeable; that certainly exists There is a distinct smell of cigarettes every time he comes into the room.他每次进房间,就 明显有一股香烟味 There is a distinctive smell in the room.房间里有一种特殊的气味 15. unknown not known: not famous infamous: shameful. notorious The show was such a success that she went from an unknown actress to a star overnight. iR 出非常成功,使她从一个默默无闻的女演员转眼成了一位明星 His action in cheating elderly people of their savings was described by the judge as infamous 法官把他这种欺诈老人的存款的做法称为无耻 16. not just. but... as well: not only . but also The government radio not only reported the demonstration, but announced it in advance as vell政府电台不仅报道了这次示威游行,而且事先做了预告 17. conventional: a following what is traditional or considered to be normal The house was built with conventional/ materials but in a totally new style这房子是用传统 的材料建造的,但风格却是全新的 They re a coventional family.他们是一个很传统的家庭 (2). Expressions Patterns 1.在基因层面上
What she saw was the face of a stranger who resembled her. 她看见一张很像她的陌生人的 脸。 Compare: bear resemblance to; take after Paul's features bore a strong resemblance to his father's. 保罗的五官非常像他的父亲。 I'm afraid that you'll find it hard to adapt, as the situation of the country bears little resemblance to that of our country. 该国的国情与我国相差悬殊，恐怕你不容易适应。 The boy takes after his father: he has the same red hair, big feet, and quick temper. 这男孩长 得像他父亲：同样的一头红发，大大的脚，脾气暴躁。 10. adapt to: change one's behavior to deal with a new situation （改变……）使适应 Old buildings and streets, well cared for and adapted to today's needs, vastly enhance the quality of life. 古老的建筑和街道被很好地维护和调整以适应今天的需要，这大大地提高 了我们的生活质量。 11. in combination with: together with, in conjunction with 与……合作，共同 By using persuasion in combination with threats, she achieved great political success. 她采取 利诱和威胁并用的方式，获得了政治上的巨大成功。 The artist uses photographs in combination with solid objects to produce this strange effect. 这位艺术家用图片加实体的方法，创造出了这种奇异的效果。 12. shed/ throw light on: make sth. easier to understand 使（某事）更为清楚，阐明 Scientists have shed new light on the life of dinosaurs. 科学家们对恐龙的生活有了新的认 识。 13. be descended from: have sb. as an ancestor 为……的后裔，是……的后人 Charles Darwin pointed out that human beings are descended from animals. 查尔斯·达尔文 指出人类是动物的后裔。 14. distinctive: a. having a quality that makes sth. different and easily noticed The building's most distinctive feature is its enormous dome-shaped roof. 这幢建筑的最大 特色是它那巨大的圆形屋顶。 Compare: distinct: a. clearly noticeable; that certainly exists There is a distinct smell of cigarettes every time he comes into the room. 他每次进房间，就 明显有一股香烟味。 There is a distinctive smell in the room. 房间里有一种特殊的气味。 15. unknown: not known; not famous infamous: shameful, notorious The show was such a success that she went from an unknown actress to a star overnight. 演 出非常成功，使她从一个默默无闻的女演员转眼成了一位明星。 His action in cheating elderly people of their savings was described by the judge as infamous. 法官把他这种欺诈老人的存款的做法称为无耻。 16. not just… but…as well: not only… but also The government radio not only reported the demonstration, but announced it in advance as well. 政府电台不仅报道了这次示威游行，而且事先做了预告。 17. conventional: a. following what is traditional or considered to be normal The house was built with conventional materials but in a totally new style.这房子是用传统 的材料建造的，但风格却是全新的。 They're a conventional family. 他们是一个很传统的家庭。 (2). Expressions & Patterns 1. 在基因层面上