Unit 6 Section A I Background Knowledge Chrysler Corporation The Chrysler Corporation, founded in 1924, used to be one of the three largest American automobile manufacturers whose brands include both passenger and commercial vehicles such as Chrysler, Jeep and Dodge. The other two largest American automobile manufacturers are General Motors and Ford. In addition to auto making, Chrysler is also engaged in financial services, providing loan services(mostly)to car buyers. In 1998 it merged with Daimler-Benz AG (of Germany)(best known for its Mercedes-Benz brand name) to become part of the Daimler Chrysler Corporation, which is jointly owned by European, U.S. and other international Investors U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC) A U.S. government agency, whose mission is to protect investors and maintain the integrity of the securities markets. The Commission was set up by the U.S. Congress in 1933 in response to Black Monday", the Great Stock Market Crash of 1929. Its purpose was to restore investor confidence in the U.S. capital markets by providing more structure and government oversight. It based on the concept that all investors, whether large institutions or private individuals, should have access to certain basic facts about an investment prior to buying it. To achieve this, the SeC requires public companies to disclose meaningful financial and other information to the public which provides a common pool of knowledge for all investors to use to judge for themselves if a company's securities are a good investment. It is believed that only through the steady flow of timely, comprehensive and accurate information can people make sound investment decisions. At present the SEC is comprised of five presidentially-appointed Commissioners, four Divisions and 1 8 Offices with a total of about 3 100 staff. The international chamber of commerce The aim of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), founded in 1919, is to serve world business by promoting trade and investment, open markets for goods and services, and the free flow of capital. Its activities cover a broad spectrum, from arbitration and dispute resolution to making the case for open trade and the market economy system, business self-regulation, fighting corruption or combating commercial crime. The ICC is made of a World Council(its governing body) and individual national committees and groups. Individual companies, corporations, professional associations as well as individuals can also join the ICC as individual members II. Text Analysis Th is broad three parts: bribery has become many countries, three main categories of bribery, and the efforts to ban bribery and the result. The hole passage is organized in problem-solution pattern. In the first part, the phenomenon(the problem) is described; in the second, the questionable payments are analyzed; and in the third, the efforts for solution and the result are presented The illustration of the problem( Paras. 1-4)
Unit 6 Section A I. Background Knowledge Chrysler Corporation The Chrysler Corporation, founded in 1924, used to be one of the three largest American automobile manufacturers whose brands include both passenger and commercial vehicles such as Chrysler, Jeep® and Dodge. The other two largest American automobile manufacturers are General Motors and Ford. In addition to auto making, Chrysler is also engaged in financial services, providing loan services (mostly) to car buyers. In 1998 it merged with Daimler-Benz AG (of Germany) (best known for its Mercedes-Benz brand name) to become part of the DaimlerChrysler Corporation, which is jointly owned by European, U.S. and other international investors. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) A U.S. government agency, whose mission is to protect investors and maintain the integrity of the securities markets. The Commission was set up by the U.S. Congress in 1933 in response to “Black Monday”, the Great Stock Market Crash of 1929. Its purpose was to restore investor confidence in the U.S. capital markets by providing more structure and government oversight. It is based on the concept that all investors, whether large institutions or private individuals, should have access to certain basic facts about an investment prior to buying it. To achieve this, the SEC requires public companies to disclose meaningful financial and other information to the public, which provides a common pool of knowledge for all investors to use to judge for themselves if a company’s securities are a good investment. It is believed that only through the steady flow of timely, comprehensive and accurate information can people make sound investment decisions. At present the SEC is comprised of five presidentially-appointed Commissioners, four Divisions and 18 Offices, with a total of about 3,100 staff. The International Chamber of Commerce The aim of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), founded in 1919, is to serve world business by promoting trade and investment, open markets for goods and services, and the free flow of capital. Its activities cover a broad spectrum, from arbitration and dispute resolution to making the case for open trade and the market economy system, business self-regulation, fighting corruption or combating commercial crime. The ICC is made of a World Council (its governing body) and individual national committees and groups. Individual companies, corporations, professional associations as well as individuals can also join the ICC as individual members. II. Text Analysis The passage is broadly put into three parts: bribery has become a common occurrence in many countries, three main categories of bribery, and the efforts to ban bribery and the result. The whole passage is organized in problem-solution pattern. In the first part, the phenomenon (the problem) is described; in the second, the questionable payments are analyzed; and in the third, the efforts for solution and the result are presented. The illustration of the problem (Paras. 1-4)
The analysis of the problem(Paras. 5-8) The solution of the problem( Paras. 9-11) I The first part consists of 4 paragraphs, from Paragraph I to Paragraph 4, concentrating on the point of view that bribery is a common occurrence in many countries, The author presents his viewpoint in Paragraph I that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and in some countries, it has been a way of life for centuries. The author continues to support his iewpoint from Paragraph 2 to Paragraph 4. paragraph 2 establishes a supposition with an example What if during a negation the other side asks for a bribe? Do you pay up or stand by your principles? Paragraph 3 answers the question in Paragraph 2 with an example showing that sticking to high moral standards is easier said than done. In a very competitive business if we didn't bribe to keep our buyers happy, someone else would. Then the author comes to a conclusion with an example: bribery is on the increase and has become a fact of commercial life. The last sentence of Paragraph 4 is a transitional sentence which tells that in the following part the author is to present us three categories of questionable payments or bribes 2 The second part from Paragraph 5 to Paragraph 8, 4 Paragraphs in all, focuses on the three categories of bribery. In this part there are a lot of examples to support the authors points. I Paragraph 5 and 6, the author presents the first category of bribery : substantial payments made for litical purposes or to secure major contracts. Paragraph 7 deals with the second category of bribery: payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some projects, to speed up the wheels of government. paragraph 8 is about the third category of bribery payments made to people who help with the passage of a business deal 3 the third part is made up of the last 3 paragraphs, from paragraph 9 to paragraph 1l, which are about the efforts to prohibit bribery paragraph 9 is about the effects by the international Chamber of Commerce(IcC) to set up a code of conduct that would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. And a council has been proposed to manage the code. paragraph 10 tells us that the council has met difficults in carrying out the code as opinions differ among members of the ICC concerning how to enforce the code. paragraph ll quoted from a famous British newspaper that business is caught in a web of bribery. It is hard to square the business interests with moral conscience. The last paragraph also implies a conclusion for the whole reading passage, bribery seems inevitable Ill. Language points 1.…. on the increase(become more frequent or greater in number or intensity)在增长中 Eg: that bribery in various forms is on the increase(L. 3) 形形色色的贿赂行为正日益增多 Drug smuggling was on the increase 毒品走私一直在增长 One's strength of character is not necessarily on the increase along with the growth of his age.一个人的骨气不一定会随着年龄的增长而增长 2. to make it clear to sb.that….( say clearly to sb that.)明确向某人表示;明确告知某人 Eg: the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that if you offer him a substantial bribe, -(L. 6) 贸易部长向你明确表示如果能给他一大笔贿赂。 Mother makes it clear to me that I cant play if I don't finish my homework 妈妈向我明确表示如不做完作业我是不能玩的
The analysis of the problem (Paras. 5-8) The solution of the problem (Paras. 9-11) 1 The first part consists of 4 paragraphs, from Paragraph 1 to Paragraph 4,concentrating on the point of view that bribery is a common occurrence in many countries, The author presents his viewpoint in Paragraph 1 that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and in some countries, it has been a way of life for centuries. The author continues to support his viewpoint from Paragraph 2 to Paragraph 4.paragraph 2 establishes a supposition with an example: What if during a negation the other side asks for a bribe? Do you pay up or stand by your principles? Paragraph 3 answers the question in Paragraph 2 with an example showing that sticking to high moral standards is easier said than done. In a very competitive business if we didn’t bribe to keep our buyers happy, someone else would. Then the author comes to a conclusion with an example: bribery is on the increase and has become a fact of commercial life. The last sentence of Paragraph 4 is a transitional sentence which tells that in the following part the author is to present us three categories of questionable payments or bribes. 2 The second part from Paragraph 5 to Paragraph 8, 4 Paragraphs in all, focuses on the three categories of bribery. In this part there are a lot of examples to support the author’s points. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author presents the first category of bribery ; substantial payments made for political purposes or to secure major contracts. Paragraph 7 deals with the second category of bribery: payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some projects, to speed up the wheels of government. paragraph 8 is about the third category of bribery ; payments made to people who help with the passage of a business deal. 3 the third part is made up of the last 3 paragraphs, from paragraph 9 to paragraph 11,which are about the efforts to prohibit bribery .paragraph 9 is about the effects by the international Chamber of Commerce(ICC) to set up a code of conduct that would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. And a council has been proposed to manage the code. paragraph 10 tells us that the council has met difficults in carrying out the code as opinions differ among members of the ICC concerning how to enforce the code. paragraph 11 quoted from a famous British newspaper that business is caught in a web of bribery. It is hard to square the business interests with moral conscience. The last paragraph also implies a conclusion for the whole reading passage; bribery seems inevitable. III. Language Points 1. …on the increase (become more frequent or greater in number or intensity) 在增长中 Eg; that bribery in various forms is on the increase (L. 3) 形形色色的贿赂行为正日益增多 Drug smuggling was on the increase, 毒品走私一直在增长。 One’s strength of character is not necessarily on the increase along with the growth of his age. 一个人的骨气不一定会随着年龄的增长而增长。 2. to make it clear to sb. that …（say clearly to sb that…）明确向某人表示；明确告知某人 Eg; the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that if you offer him a substantial bribe,…(L. 6) 贸易部长向你明确表示如果能给他一大笔贿赂。。。。 Mother makes it clear to me that I can’t play if I don’t finish my homework 妈妈向我明确表示如不做完作业我是不能玩的
The immense influence of IT on our society makes it clear that we are living in the Information Age 信息技术对社会的巨大影响表明我们正生活在信息时代 3. to stand by one's principles(L.8)坚持原则 1)still believe or agree with sth said, decided or agreed earlier She still stands by every word she said 她仍然信守自己所说的每一句话 It brings one trust and respect from others to practice honesty and stand by his promises 为人诚实、信守诺言会赢得别人的信任与尊重 2)help sb. or be friends with them, even in difficult situations I wouldnt break a law for a friend, but I would stand by her if need be 我不会为了朋友犯法,但如果需要的话,我会支持她的 3) Be present while sth bad is happening but not do anything to stop it How can you stand by and see him robbing the old man? 看着他抢劫那个老人,你怎能袖手旁观 4) be ready for action The troops are standing by 部队正严阵以待。 4 to have high moral standards(L.9)有高尚的道德标准 It is easy to talk about having high moral atandards but, in practice, What would one really do in 高尚的道德标准说起来容易,但实际上人们在这种情况下究竟会怎样做呢 The college life should be centered around raising students'academic and moral standards 大学生活应以提高学生的学术和道德水平为中心 5. In private( with nobody else present, secretly)私下里;秘密地;在私生活里;在家里 in Britain who were prepared to say in private(L. 15) 在英国有人私下里说。 a home is a place for relaxing in private. 家是私下放松的地方 He is a gentleman of refinement in public but a man of easy virtue in private. 在公开场合他是个彬彬有礼的绅士,但在私下里却是个放荡不羁的人。 反意词 in public类似的短语 In practice etc.(para3 6.为方便讨论起见/为了政治目的 for discussion /political purposes(L. 30/32) 个社会再自由开放也决不容许一些人为了险恶目的而胡作非为。 A society, no matter how free and open it is, never allows some people to commit all kinds of outrages for evil purposes 7.正在调查中 正在对911袭击前后的情报工作进行全面的司法调查 A full-scale judicial investigation is under way into the intelligence work around the ll September 8.因可能触犯商业法规
The immense influence of IT on our society makes it clear that we are living in the Information Age. 信息技术对社会的巨大影响表明我们正生活在信息时代。 3. to stand by one’s principles (L. 8) 坚持原则 stand by 1) still believe or agree with sth said ,decided or agreed earlier She still stands by every word she said 她仍然信守自己所说的每一句话 It brings one trust and respect from others to practice honesty and stand by his promises. 为人诚实、信守诺言会赢得别人的信任与尊重 2）help sb. or be friends with them, even in difficult situations I wouldn’t break a law for a friend, but I would stand by her if need be 我不会为了朋友犯法，但如果需要的话，我会支持她的 3）Be present while sth bad is happening but not do anything to stop it How can you stand by and see him robbing the old man? 看着他抢劫那个老人，你怎能袖手旁观？ 4）be ready for action The troops are standing by. 部队正严阵以待。。 4. to have high moral standards (L. 9) 有高尚的道德标准 It is easy to talk about having high moral atandards but ,in practice,What would one really do in such a situation? 高尚的道德标准说起来容易，但实际上人们在这种情况下究竟会怎样做呢 The college life should be centered around raising students’ academic and moral standards. 大学生活应以提高学生的学术和道德水平为中心。 5. in private（with nobody else present,secretly） 私下里；秘密地；在私生活里； 在家里 …in Britain who were prepared to say in private(L. 15) 在英国有人私下里说。。。 A home is a place for relaxing in private. 家是私下放松的地方 He is a gentleman of refinement in public but a man of easy virtue in private. 在公开场合他是个彬彬有礼的绅士，但在私下里却是个放荡不羁的人。 反意词 in public 类似的短语 in practice etc.(para3) 6. 为方便讨论起见 / 为了政治目的 for discussion / political purposes (L. 30 / 32) 一个社会再自由开放也决不容许一些人为了险恶目的而胡作非为。 A society, no matter how free and open it is, never allows some people to commit all kinds of outrages for evil purposes. 7. 正在调查中 under investigation (L. 34) 正在对 911 袭击前后的情报工作进行全面的司法调查。 A full-scale judicial investigation is under way into the intelligence work around the 11 September attack. 8. 因可能触犯商业法规
for possible violations of business laws(L. 35) 微软公司被指控违反反垄断法。 The microsoft Corporation was charged with violations of anti-monopoly laws 9.资助某人做某事 to finance sb.'s efforts to do sth. (L. 36) 他们正同心协力去创造航天技术的新奇迹。 They are combining their efforts to work new wonders in space technology 10.得到主要建筑合同 to secure major construction contracts(L. 38) “吃一堑,长一智”的格言就是提醒你防止犯同样的错误, The proverb"a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit"reminds you to secure yourself from a repetition of the same mistakes 给……施加压力/过分强调 to put pressure/undue stress on.(L. 41) 过分强调书本知识会削弱学生创造性思维的热情。 Putting undue stress on book knowledge will weaken students'enthusiasm for creative thinking 12.向某人捐款/汇款 to make donations/ payments to sb. (L. 42) 我们的钱应捐给那些受贫穷所困却很有天赋的孩子们 Our donations should be made to those( who are)stuck in poverty but endowed with talents 加快……的速度 to speed up the wheels/ progress of .(L. 44) 加快教育改革速度的关键是更新教育理念 The key to speeding up the wheels of educational reform is to renew conceptions of education 14.想出了办法 to hit upon /on the answer / solution(L 47) 他突发奇想:裸跑能使他成为公众关注的焦点。 He hit upon a strange idea that he could become the focus of the public attention by running in the 暗中将某物塞入· slip sth into/within..(L 47) 上课的时候,她悄悄塞到他手里一张纸条,上面写着:“老地方见,不见不散。” While in class, she slipped into his hand a piece of paper on which she wrote, "Lets meet at the same old place and not leave without seeing each other 16.属于此类 to be included on this list(L. 55) 你要么划为清官,要么划为贪官。没有中间地带 You are either included on the list of the honest officials or on the list of the corrupt officials There is no middle point 17.设计一套法规 to devise a code of rules(. 56) 社会道德准则是根据一个社会对于正确与错误行为所持的观念制定的 A code of social morality is established in accordance with the notions of right and wrong conduct held by a society
for possible violations of business laws (L. 35) 微软公司被指控违反反垄断法。 The Microsoft Corporation was charged with violations of anti-monopoly laws. 9. 资助某人做某事 to finance sb.’s efforts to do sth. (L. 36) 他们正同心协力去创造航天技术的新奇迹。 They are combining their efforts to work new wonders in space technology. 10. 得到主要建筑合同 to secure major construction contracts (L. 38) “吃一堑,长一智”的格言就是提醒你防止犯同样的错误。 The proverb “ a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit” reminds you to secure yourself from a repetition of the same mistakes. 11. 给…… 施加压力 / 过分强调…… to put pressure / undue stress on ... (L. 41) 过分强调书本知识会削弱学生创造性思维的热情。 Putting undue stress on book knowledge will weaken students’ enthusiasm for creative thinking. 12. 向某人捐款／汇款 to make donations / payments to sb. (L. 42) 我们的钱应捐给那些受贫穷所困却很有天赋的孩子们。 Our donations should be made to those (who are) stuck in poverty but endowed with talents. 13. 加快……的速度 to speed up the wheels / progress of … (L. 44) 加快教育改革速度的关键是更新教育理念。 The key to speeding up the wheels of educational reform is to renew conceptions of education. 14. 想出了办法 to hit upon / on the answer / solution (L. 47) 他突发奇想：裸跑能使他成为公众关注的焦点。 He hit upon a strange idea that he could become the focus of the public attention by running in the nude. 15. 暗中将某物塞入…… to slip sth. into / within … (L. 47) 上课的时候，她悄悄塞到他手里一张纸条，上面写着：“老地方见，不见不散。” While in class, she slipped into his hand a piece of paper on which she wrote, “Let’s meet at the same old place and not leave without seeing each other.” 16. 属于此类 to be included on this list (L. 55) 你要么划为清官,要么划为贪官。没有中间地带。 You are either included on the list of the honest officials or on the list of the corrupt officials. There is no middle point. 17. 设计一套法规 to devise a code of rules (L. 56) 社会道德准则是根据一个社会对于正确与错误行为所持的观念制定的。 A code of social morality is established in accordance with the notions of right and wrong conduct held by a society
18.禁止各种类型的贿赂 to prohibit bribery in various forms/in all its forms(L. 3/56) 我们的当务之急是如何防止各种类型的智能犯罪。 The most pressing for us now is how to prevent intellectual crime in all its forms 9.达到;等于;实际上是 to amount to (L 59) 如果一位女士对你说:“再说吧。”,那就等于拒绝了你。 If a lady says to you, Lets talk about it later. that amounts to her refusal 20.既确保自己的利益,又无愧道德良心 to square one's interests with his moral conscience(L. 68) 为人不做亏心事,夜半敲门心不惊 One who always squares his acts with his moral conscience never fears midnight knocks at his RR A: Students taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that classes on business ethics have been included in their schedule. (L. 1) IV. Writins Bribery is a common occurrence in many countries. The phenomenon is introduced by "classes on business ethics", and exemplified by two examples: a British car manufacturer and the Chrysler Corporation Questionable payments can be divided into three categories: 1. Those for political purposes or to secure major contracts; 2. Those for obtaining quicker official approval of some project; 3. Those ICC is to set up a code of conduct that would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. And a council has been proposed to manage the code. However, opinions differ among the members of ICC. Bribery seems inevitable Devices for developing it? Bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase in many countries. They seem to be based not on lack of business ethics but on business interests Exemplification(举例法) Exemplification is employed in the third and the forth paragraph to make the authors viewpoint onvincing. The authors viewpoint in Para. 3: Sticking to high moral standards is easier said than done The example in support: A British car manufacturer was accused of operating a fund to pay bribes and of other questionable practices People in the motor industry held that if they didn't bribe to keep the buyers happy, someone else would The authors viewpoint in Para. 4: Bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase ort: The Chrysler Corporation revealed that it made questionable payments of more than $2.5 million between 1971 and 1976 Three hundred other U.S. companies had admitted that they had made payments of one kind or another in recent years Listing(列举法) Main idea?
18. 禁止各种类型的贿赂 to prohibit bribery in various forms / in all its forms (L. 3 / 56) 我们的当务之急是如何防止各种类型的智能犯罪。 The most pressing for us now is how to prevent intellectual crime in all its forms. 19. 达到; 等于; 实际上是 to amount to (L. 59) 如果一位女士对你说：“再说吧。”，那就等于拒绝了你。 If a lady says to you, “ Let’s talk about it later.” , that amounts to her refusal. 20. 既确保自己的利益，又无愧道德良心 to square one’s interests with his moral conscience (L. 68) 为人不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。 One who always squares his acts with his moral conscience never fears midnight knocks at his door. 原句: Students taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that classes on business ethics have been included in their schedule. (L. 1) IV. Writing Bribery is a common occurrence in many countries. The phenomenon is introduced by “classes on business ethics”, and exemplified by two examples: a British car manufacturer and the Chrysler Corporation. Questionable payments can be divided into three categories: 1. Those for political purposes or to secure major contracts; 2. Those for obtaining quicker official approval of some project; 3. Those for help with the passage of a business deal. ICC is to set up a code of conduct that would ban the giving and seeking of bribes. And a council has been proposed to manage the code. However, opinions differ among the members of ICC. Bribery seems inevitable. Devices for developing it? Bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase in many countries. They seem to be based not on lack of business ethics but on business interests. Exemplification (举例法) Exemplification is employed in the third and the forth paragraph to make the author’s viewpoint convincing. The author’s viewpoint in Para. 3: Sticking to high moral standards is easier said than done. The example in support: A British car manufacturer was accused of operating a fund to pay bribes and of other questionable practices; People in the motor industry held that if they didn’t bribe to keep the buyers happy, someone else would. The author’s viewpoint in Para. 4: Bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase. The examples in support: The Chrysler Corporation revealed that it made questionable payments of more than $2.5 million between 1971 and 1976. Three hundred other U.S. companies had admitted that they had made payments of one kind or another in recent years. Listing (列举法) Main idea?