Heterolytic nucleophilic substitution:Sl and Sn2: halogenoalkanes with nucleophilesSUBSTITUTION BY A NUCLEOPHILE: SECOND ORDERKINETICS: S~20I0DO&84HalNUHalNu..HalNuCStage2The intermediate has a high energy, which means that the overallrate of reaction is slowThe carbon being attacked is saturated and has a full outer shellbecause carbon cannot expand its outer shell. As the electron pairfrom the nucleophile moves in, the pair forming the sigma bondto the halogen moves away. This bond breaks heterolytically6
6 Heterolytic nucleophilic substitution:SN1 and SN2: halogenoalkanes with nucleophiles SUBSTITUTION BY A NUCLEOPHILE; SECOND ORDER KINETICS: SN2 Stage 2 The intermediate has a high energy, which means that the overall rate of reaction is slow. The carbon being attacked is saturated and has a full outer shell because carbon cannot expand its outer shell. As the electron pair from the nucleophile moves in, the pair forming the sigma bond to the halogen moves away. This bond breaks heterolytically
Heterolytic nucleophilic substitution:Sl and Sn2: halogenoalkanes with nucleophilesSUBSTITUTION BY A NUCLEOPHILE: SECOND ORDERKINETICS: S~20I0DO&84HalNUHalNu..HalNuCStage 3In the product the halogen has been substituted by the nucleophile sothe reaction is a substitutionThe halide ion is a leaving group. The strength of the bond to theleaving group and the stability of the leaving group will affect theamount of product make.If the product has an asymmetric carbon atom, only one optical7isomer will be made
7 Heterolytic nucleophilic substitution:SN1 and SN2: halogenoalkanes with nucleophiles SUBSTITUTION BY A NUCLEOPHILE; SECOND ORDER KINETICS: SN2 Stage 3 In the product the halogen has been substituted by the nucleophile so the reaction is a substitution. The halide ion is a leaving group. The strength of the bond to the leaving group and the stability of the leaving group will affect the amount of product make. If the product has an asymmetric carbon atom, only one optical isomer will be made
Heterolytic nucleophilic substitution:S1 and Sn2: halogenoalkanes with nucleophilesWordsWords and Expressionsheterolytic nucleophilic substitutionhalogenoalkaneinductive effectcarbocationsubstitute: substitutionintermediateasymmetricoptical isomerracemic8
8 Heterolytic nucleophilic substitution:SN1 and SN2: halogenoalkanes with nucleophiles Words heterolytic nucleophilic substitution halogenoalkane inductive effect carbocation substitute; substitution intermediate asymmetric optical isomer racemic Words and Expressions
Heterolytic nucleophilic addition and addition/elimination:carnonyl compounds withhydrogencyanideHeterolytic nucleophilic addition andaddition/elimination: carbonylcompounds with hydrogen cyanide9
9 Heterolytic nucleophilic addition and addition/elimination:carnonyl compounds with hydrogen cyanide Heterolytic nucleophilic addition and addition/elimination: carbonyl compounds with hydrogen cyanide
Heterolytic nucleophilic addition and addition/elimination:carnonyl compounds withhydrogencyanideHydrogen cyanide adds across the double bond in acarbonyl compound, if there is a trace of the catalystpotassium cyanide present.HC0+H-CNONC10
10 Heterolytic nucleophilic addition and addition/elimination:carnonyl compounds with hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen cyanide adds across the double bond in a carbonyl compound, if there is a trace of the catalyst potassium cyanide present