physical environment Some of these factors such as the geology and topography of an area are relatively stable;they may be different at different places,but at any one site they will remain constant for periods of time much longer than the life of the organisms living there
physical environment physical environment • Some of these factors such as the geology and topography of an area are relatively stable; they may be different at different places, but at any one site they will remain constant for periods of time much longer than the life of the organisms living there
physical environment Other factors,such as atmospheric conditions including humidity,wind speed, temperature and sunlight,will be very variable at one locality from one day or year to the next
physical environment physical environment • Other factors, such as atmospheric conditions including humidity, wind speed, temperature and sunlight, will be very variable at one locality from one day or year to the next
9.3 The biotic environment The biotic(生物的)environment is experienced by an individual as interactions with other organisms. These will include individuals of the same species (intraspecific effects)and individuals of many other species (interspecific effects)
9.3 The biotic environment 9.3 The biotic environment The biotic （生物的）environment is experienced by an individual as interactions with other organisms. These will include individuals of the same species (intraspecific effects) and individuals of many other species (interspecific effects)
9.3 Population interactions 生物种间的相互关系 无相互作用No interactions 偏利commensalism 正相互作用 原始合作protocooperation Positive interaction 互利共生mutualism ,直接干涉 竞争 competition 间接抑制 负相互作用 捕食predation Negative 偏害amensalism interaction 寄生parasitism
9.3 Population interactions 9.3 Population interactions 生物种间的相互关系 生物种间的相互关系 偏利 commensalism 原始合作 protocooperation 互利共生 mutualism 正相互作用 Positive interaction 负相互作用 Negative interaction 竞争 直接干涉 间接抑制 捕食 predation 偏害 amensalism 寄生 parasitism competition 无相互作用 No interactions
Neutralism 風 不相及 牛
Neutralism 風 馬 牛 不相及