20.3paragraph(段落Construction of a paragraph: Usually a paragraph includes a topic(主题句),one or severalsentence(论证句)andsupporting sentences(结论sometimes, a concludingsentence中句)
20.3 paragraph(段落) Construction of a paragraph • Usually a paragraph includes a topic sentence (主题句), one or several supporting sentences (论证句) and, sometimes, a concluding sentence (结论 句)
Three Qualities of a Paragraph :* Unity(一致性): A paragraph follows a straight line ofdevelopment: it states a single thought. All material notdirectly related to the paragraph should be left out.* Continuity(连贯性): All sentences within a paragraphshould be arranged logically and smoothly. An outline(提纲) will help you organize your ideas so that allimportant ideas are included and in logical order, andhelp you write more quickly* Transition Signals(转折词) are words to guide the readerand make it easy to follow the ideas. They also help theparagraph flow more smoothly
Three Qualities of a Paragraph： * Unity(一致性): A paragraph follows a straight line of development; it states a single thought. All material not directly related to the paragraph should be left out. * Continuity(连贯性): All sentences within a paragraph should be arranged logically and smoothly. An outline (提纲) will help you organize your ideas so that all important ideas are included and in logical order, and help you write more quickly. * Transition Signals(转折词) are words to guide the reader and make it easy to follow the ideas. They also help the paragraph flow more smoothly
Classes of Transition SignalsExample(举例):for example,for instance,asan illustration, to illustrate, namely, that is, forone thing.Addition(增补): in addition, furthermore,moreover, and, also, or, too, besides, again,what's more,likewise.Emphasis(强调):in fact, as a matter of fact, inother words, of course, certainly, above allindeed, clearly, surely, in particular, obviouslynaturally, anyway, in this case
Classes of Transition Signals • Example(举例): for example, for instance, as an illustration, to illustrate, namely, that is, for one thing. • Addition(增补): in addition, furthermore, moreover, and, also, or, too, besides, again, what’s more, likewise. • Emphasis(强调): in fact, as a matter of fact, in other words, of course, certainly, above all, indeed, clearly, surely, in particular, obviously, naturally, anyway, in this case
Classes of Transition Signals Contrast(对照): while,whereas,in contrast, on theother hand, instead, on the contrary, inspite of,despite, but, however, although, still, yet, nevertheless,conversely,otherwise.Comparison(比较): similarly, in the same way, eventhough, at the same time, not only...but also, likewise,meanwhile.Concession(让步): although, after all, it is true(that) Conclusion(结论):in conclusion,to conclude,to sumup, to summarize, in summary, in all, in short, inbrief, in a word
Classes of Transition Signals • Contrast(对照): while, whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, on the contrary, inspite of, despite, but, however, although, still, yet, nevertheless, conversely, otherwise. • Comparison(比较): similarly, in the same way, even though, at the same time, not only.but also, likewise, meanwhile. • Concession(让步): although, after all, it is true(that). • Conclusion(结论): in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up, to summarize, in summary, in all, in short, in brief, in a word
Classes of Transition Signals Cause(原因): for this reason, because of this,because, since, as, for, due to, owing to, thanks toConsequence(结果):thus,hence,thereforeaccordingly, consequently, so, in this way, as aresult. Order(次序): first, second, first of all, to beginwith, at first, finally, eventually, in the end,immediately, soon, in front of, next to, oppositeto, in the middle of, afterward, then
Classes of Transition Signals • Cause(原因): for this reason, because of this, because, since, as, for, due to, owing to, thanks to. • Consequence(结果): thus, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, so, in this way, as a result. • Order(次序): first, second, first of all, to begin with, at first, finally, eventually, in the end, immediately, soon, in front of, next to, opposite to, in the middle of, afterward, then