Organicchemistry:introductionWordsWords and Expressionsorganic chemistrymechanismreactive sitesfunctionalgroupthemecarbon skeletonchain lengthalkyl; alkyl chains and ringsacylaryl6
6 Organic chemistry: introduction Words organic chemistry mechanism reactive sites functional group theme carbon skeleton chain length alkyl; alkyl chains and rings acyl aryl Words and Expressions
Functional groups and naming in organic compoundsFunctionalgroups and naminginorganiccompoundsThe hydrocarbon part of an organic molecule is fairly unreactive,so the chemistry of organic compounds is often dominated byother atoms or groups of atoms joined to the chain. These atomsor groups of atoms, whose reactions dominate the chemistry ofthe molecule,are called functionalgroups7
7 Functional groups and naming in organic compounds The hydrocarbon part of an organic molecule is fairly unreactive, so the chemistry of organic compounds is often dominated by other atoms or groups of atoms joined to the chain. These atoms or groups of atoms, whose reactions dominate the chemistry of the molecule, are called functional groups. Functional groups and naming in organic compounds
FunctionalgroupsandnaminginorganiccompoundsNAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDSThe name consists of three parts:othe first part tells you the chain lengthicosa-1 carbon = meth- 5 carbons =pent-nona-deca-2 carbons = eth- 6 carbons = hex-undeca-3 carbons = prop- 7 carbons = hept-4 carbons = but-8 carbons = oct-dodeca- the second part tells you about the linking or bonding in the chain-an- means all single bonds in the carbon chain-en- means a double bond in the carbon chain-yn- means a triple bond in the chain. the last part tells you what functional group is joined to the chain-e means only hydrogen is joined to the chain-ol means an -OH; -amine means an -NH,-al means a carbonyl group on the end of the chain-one means a carbonyl group on the chain, but not at the end-oic acid means a carboxylic group on the chain8Numbers are used to give the position along the chain
8 Functional groups and naming in organic compounds NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The name consists of three parts: ●the first part tells you the chain length 1 carbon = meth- 5 carbons = pent- nona- icosa- 2 carbons = eth- 6 carbons = hex- deca- 3 carbons = prop- 7 carbons = hept- undeca- 4 carbons = but- 8 carbons = oct- dodeca- ● the second part tells you about the linking or bonding in the chain -an– means all single bonds in the carbon chain -en- means a double bond in the carbon chain -yn- means a triple bond in the chain ● the last part tells you what functional group is joined to the chain -e means only hydrogen is joined to the chain -ol means an –OH; -amine means an –NH2 -al means a carbonyl group on the end of the chain -one means a carbonyl group on the chain, but not at the end -oic acid means a carboxylic group on the chain Numbers are used to give the position along the chain
Functional groups and naming in organic compoundsSome common functionalgroupsName of thegroupType of compoundFormular or structure-OHAlcoholHydroxyl-HalHalideHalogeno-NH2AmineAminoo1CarbonylAldehydeC(at the end of the chain)Oor ketone(in the middle of the chain)CarboxylCarboxylic acid9
9 Functional groups and naming in organic compounds Name of the group Type of compound Formular or structure Hydroxyl Alcohol -OH Halogeno Halide -Hal Amino Amine -NH2 Carbonyl Aldehyde (at the end of the chain) or ketone (in the middle of the chain) Carboxyl Carboxylic acid Some common functional groups
FunctionalgroupsandnaminginorganiccompoundsExampleseth-an-al(acetaldehyde)two carbonsHOsingle bond in the chainHcarbonyl at the end of the chainHbut-an-oicacidHHfour carbonssingle bonds in the chaincarboxylic acid at the endHHprop-2-en-1-olHLthreecarbonsdoublebondinthechainHhydroxyl group at the endpent-an-2-onefive carbons2single bondsin the chaincarbonylonthesecondcarbon(the dashes between the separate parts of the name are left out unless numbersoare needed)
10 Functional groups and naming in organic compounds Examples eth-an-al(acetaldehyde) two carbons single bond in the chain carbonyl at the end of the chain but-an-oic acid four carbons single bondsin the chain carboxylic acid at the end prop-2-en-1-ol three carbons doublebond in the chain hydroxyl group at the end pent-an-2-one five carbons single bondsin the chain carbonyl on the second carbon (the dashes between the separate parts of the name are left out unless numbers are needed)