Unit 6 Book 3 Intercultural communication L Difficult Sentences 1. Like most ailments it has its own cause, symptoms, and cure (1)What does "it refer to in this sentence? ("It refers to culture shock. (2)In the previous sentence, the author uses the word "disease but here the word ailments is used. what is the difference between these two words? (Disease is a general term referring to an illness which affects a person, animal, or plant. Ailment refers to an illness that is not very serious. Obviously, culture shock is not a serious physical disease that is affecting one's body It is just a kind of emotional discomfort usually found in somebody who has been suddenly transplanted abroad. (3) Translate the sentence into Chinese (=和大部分疾病一样,这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。) 2.... when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not (1)Say someth ing more about the usage of "when/what/how/+ infinitive structure There are three points to remember when you use this kind of tructure: First, this structure is used only after such English verbs as ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn remember, see understandlperceive), and wonder, etc. Second besides when/what/how words like "where/which/whether) can also be used in this structure: third the structure whether infinitive” is usually used after“ want to know"or"“ wonder.”) More examples I found out where to buy fruit cheaply. didn't know when to switch the machine off *1 wondered whether to write or phone (2) Paraphrase"when to take statements seriously and when not. (when we should believe that these statements are worth our attention and when we needn't pay attention to them) 3. These cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs,or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. 1)According to this statement, what makes up our culture?
Unit 6 Book 3 Intercultural Communication I. Difficult Sentences 1. Like most ailments it has its own cause, symptoms, and cure. (1) What does “it” refer to in this sentence? (= “It” refers to culture shock.) (2) In the previous sentence, the author uses the word “disease”, but here the word “ailments” is used. What is the difference between these two words? (=Disease is a general term referring to an illness which affects a person, animal, or plant. Ailment refers to an illness that is not very serious. Obviously, culture shock is not a serious physical disease that is affecting one’s body. It is just a kind of emotional discomfort usually found in somebody who has been suddenly transplanted abroad. ) (3) Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=和大部分疾病一样，这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。) 2. … when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. (1) Say something more about the usage of “when/what/how/ + infinitive” structure. (=There are three points to remember when you use this kind of structure: First, this structure is used only after such English verbs as ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see (=understand/perceive), and wonder, etc.; Second, besides “when/what/how”, words like “where/which/whether” can also be used in this structure; Third, the structure “whether + infinitive” is usually used after “want to know” or “wonder.” ) More examples: *I found out where to buy fruit cheaply. *I didn’t know when to switch the machine off. *I wondered whether to write or phone. (2) Paraphrase “when to take statements seriously and when not.” (=when we should believe that these statements are worth our attention and when we needn’t pay attention to them) 3. These cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. (1) According to this statement, what makes up our culture?
(The cues we acquire in daily life, the language we speak, and the beliefs we accept 2 Translate the sentence into Chil (=这些暗示可以是语言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。 我们在成长的过程中获得了这些暗示,就像我们的语言和我们所接受 的信仰一样,它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。) All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues What is the implied meaning of this sentence? (Without these familiar cues such as words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, we would probably get lost and ffer from frustration and anxiety, and wouldn't be able to work efficiently. 5. To an American every thing American becomes irrationally glorified. Do the two words"American "in this sentence mean the same? ENo, they don't mean the same. the first"American"is a noun, meaning"someone from the UsA, while the second is used as an adjective, meaning"relating to the USA " 6. The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are beyond his awareness (1)What can you infer from this sentence? Culture develops and builds up through a long but hardly noticeable process (2) Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物,经过漫长的、本民族意识 不到的过程才得以积累形成。) 7. To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not the culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world (1)To what kind of attitude do we give the name ethnocentrism? (We give the name ethnocentrism to the attitude that people regard their cu lture as both the best and the only way of doing things (2)How is ethnocentrism defined in this sentence? lt is a belief that not only the culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world (3) Analyze the structure of this sentence
(=The cues we acquire in daily life, the language we speak, and the beliefs we accept.) (2) Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=这些暗示可以是语言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。 我们在成长的过程中获得了这些暗示，就像我们的语言和我们所接受 的信仰一样，它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。) 4. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues. What is the implied meaning of this sentence? (=Without these familiar cues such as words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, we would probably get lost and suffer from frustration and anxiety, and wouldn’t be able to work efficiently.) 5. To an American everything American becomes irrationally glorified. Do the two words “American” in this sentence mean the same? (=No, they don’t mean the same. The first “American” is a noun, meaning “someone from the USA,” while the second is used as an adjective, meaning “relating to the USA.”) 6. The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are beyond his awareness. (1) What can you infer from this sentence? (=Culture develops and builds up through a long but hardly noticeable process.) (2) Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物，经过漫长的、本民族意识 不到的过程才得以积累形成。) 7. To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not only the culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world. (1) To what kind of attitude do we give the name ethnocentrism? (=We give the name ethnocentrism to the attitude that people regard their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things.) (2) How is ethnocentrism defined in this sentence? (=It is a belief that not only the culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world.) (3) Analyze the structure of this sentence
(a. The first part of this sentence uses the technique of fronting(前置手法) The regular sentence order would be“We give the name ethnocentrism to this attitude";b In the second part, there is an appositive clause used to modify "belief, telling us the specific content of this"belief " 8. For instance, if an American does something odd or anti-social in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, this is now considered a national trait. (1)What can we infer from the sentence? People tend to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics (2) Translate this sentence into Chinese. (=例如,倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖社会公德的事情, 在美国国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为,但在国外却被视为一种民 族特性。 9. Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is censured Paraphrase the sentence. (His country rather than the individual himse lf would be officially criticized.) 10. This task alone is quite enough to cause frustration and anxiety, matter how skillful language teachers are in making it easy for (1)What does"it" refer to? It refers to the act of learning a new language (2) Translate this sentence into Chinese (=无论教语言的老师多么撞长于减轻你学习语言的难度,单单学语 言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。) 11. At times it is helpful to be a participant observer by joining the activities of the people, to try to share in their responses, whether this be a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity. (1) Analyze the structure of the second sentence"whether this be a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity. (This sentence adopts the subjunctive mood. Here the third person singular pronounthis"is followed by"be"instead of “is:” This is one type of present subjective(现在虚拟) which is often used in clauses of condition or concession. The present subjective can also be found in certain exclamations to express
(=a. The first part of this sentence uses the technique of fronting (前置手法). The regular sentence order would be “We give the name ethnocentrism to this attitude”; b. In the second part, there is an appositive clause used to modify “belief,” telling us the specific content of this “belief.”) 8. For instance, if an American does something odd or anti-social in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, this is now considered a national trait. (1) What can we infer from the sentence? (=People tend to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics.) (2) Translate this sentence into Chinese. (=例如，倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖社会公德的事情， 在美国国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为，但在国外却被视为一种民 族特性。) 9. Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is censured. Paraphrase the sentence. (=His country rather than the individual himself would be officially criticized.) 10. This task alone is quite enough to cause frustration and anxiety, no matter how skillful language teachers are in making it easy for you. (1) What does “it” refer to? (= It refers to the act of learning a new language.) (2) Translate this sentence into Chinese. (=无论教语言的老师多么擅长于减轻你学习语言的难度，单单学语 言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。) 11. At times it is helpful to be a participant observer by joining the activities of the people, to try to share in their responses, whether this be a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity. (1) Analyze the structure of the second sentence “whether this be a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity.” (=This sentence adopts the subjunctive mood. Here the third person singular pronoun “this” is followed by “be” instead of “is.” This is one type of present subjective (现在虚拟) which is often used in clauses of condition or concession. The present subjective can also be found in certain exclamations to express
a wish or hope, very often involving supernatural powers. More examples God bless you! Long live the queen ! (2 )Translate this sentence into Chinese (=有时候,参加人们举办的各种活动,不管是嘉年华会、宗教仪式 还是经济活动,在活动中仔细观察,和人们一起喜怒哀乐,这都有 好处。) ll. Words and Expressions 1. transplant: (1 )vt. to move from one place and settle elsewhere We start the flowers indoors and then transplant them to the garden His kidney was transplanted in his daughter (2)n. the operation of transplanting an organ, piece of skin etc Kelly's only hope of survival was a heart and lung transplant. Collocations: heart transplant surgery 心脏移植手术 a bone marrow transplant骨髓移植 2. ailment: n. an illness that is not very serious It was still unclear what caused the victims ailments The medicine was supposed to cure all kinds of ailments, ranging from colds to back pains. CF: ailment, illness, disease complaint 这些名词均有“疾病”之意 ailment指身体或精神不适,尤其指小毛病。例如: His ailment was only a slight headache.他身体不舒服,有点轻微的头痛。 泛指一切疾病,强调生病的时间或状态。例如: Her mother was just recovering from an illness.他妈妈生了一场病,刚 刚复 disease指具体的疾病,且通常较严重,发病时间也较长。例如 * She suffers from a rare disease of the brain.她得了竿见的脑病。 complaint指具体部位的疾病,尤其指不是很严重的那种。例如 He is having treatment for a chest complaint.他正在接受胸部疾病的治 疗 3. cure. (1)n. treatment or substance that cures; remedy There is still no cure for alds
a wish or hope, very often involving supernatural powers. More examples: *God bless you! *Long live the queen! ) (2) Translate this sentence into Chinese. (=有时候，参加人们举办的各种活动，不管是嘉年华会、宗教仪式 还是经济活动，在活动中仔细观察，和人们一起喜怒哀乐，这都有 好处。) II. Words and Expressions 1. transplant: (1) vt. to move from one place and settle elsewhere *We start the flowers indoors and then transplant them to the garden. *His kidney was transplanted in his daughter. (2) n. the operation of transplanting an organ, piece of skin etc *Kelly's only hope of survival was a heart and lung transplant. Collocations: heart transplant surgery 心脏移植手术 a bone marrow transplant 骨髓移植 2. ailment: n. an illness that is not very serious It was still unclear what caused the victims' ailments. *The medicine was supposed to cure all kinds of ailments, ranging from colds to back pains. CF: ailment, illness, disease & complaint 这些名词均有“疾病”之意。 ailment 指身体或精神不适，尤其指小毛病。例如： *His ailment was only a slight headache. 他身体不舒服，有点轻微的头痛。 illness 泛指一切疾病，强调生病的时间或状态。例如： *Her mother was just recovering from an illness. 他妈妈生了一场病，刚 刚 复。 disease 指具体的疾病，且通常较严重，发病时间也较长。例如： *She suffers from a rare disease of the brain. 她得了罕见的脑病。 complaint 指具体部位的疾病，尤其指不是很严重的那种。例如： *He is having treatment for a chest complaint. 他正在接受胸部疾病的治 疗。 3. cure: (1) n. treatment or substance that cures; remedy *There is still no cure for AIDS
预防比任何一种治疗都要好得多。 (Prevention is far better than any cure (2)vt. to make an illness or medical condition go away Many types of cancer can now be cured. Ninety percent of patients can be cured of the disease. Pattern: cure sb. of sth.把某人的病治愈 She had some acupuncture treatment which seems to have cured her. 针灸几次后她的病似乎痊愈了。 4. precipitate (1)vt. to make(an unwanted event happen sooner An attack on the country could precipitate a world war. ( The 1929 stock market crash precipitated the collapse of the American banking system (2)vi. to separate a solid substance from a liquid by chemical action, or to be separated in this way *this material causes most of the alumina in the solution to precipitate quickly. (3)n. a solid substance that has been chemically separated from a liquid 老师让他在沉淀物溶解后再加热混合物。 (the teacher asked him to warm the mixture after the precipitate dissolyed (4)adj. happening or done too quickly, and not thought about carefully a precipitate decision leads to his failure 阵冷风造成气温急剧下降。 (A cool breeze caused a precipitate drop in the temperature NB 该词作动词用时,近义词为 hasten;作形容词用时,近义词为 hasty 5. orient: v. to arrange or direct with a particular purpose She looked at the street names, trying to orient herself 登山者停下来以便辨别自己的方位。 (The climber stopped to orient himsel The meeting decided that the magazine had to orient to the busisness community. Collocation: orient oneself to sth.使自己熟悉某事 It takes new students a while to orientate themselves to college life. 新同学要花一定的时间来熟悉校园生活 be oriented toltowardslaround sthsb迎合某人的需要,围绕某事
预防比任何一种治疗都要好得多。 (=Prevention is far better than any cure.) (2) vt. to make an illness or medical condition go away *Many types of cancer can now be cured. (＝Ninety percent of patients can be cured of the disease.) Pattern: cure sb. of sth. 把某人的病治愈 *She had some acupuncture treatment which seems to have cured her. 针灸几次后她的病似乎痊愈了。 4. precipitate: (1) vt. to make (an unwanted event) happen sooner *An attack on the country could precipitate a world war. (=The 1929 stock market crash precipitated the collapse of the American banking system.) (2) vi. to separate a solid substance from a liquid by chemical action, or to be separated in this way *This material causes most of the alumina in the solution to precipitate quickly. (3) n. a solid substance that has been chemically separated from a liquid 老师让他在沉淀物溶解后再加热混合物。 (=The teacher asked him to warm the mixture after the precipitate dissolved.) (4) adj. happening or done too quickly, and not thought about carefully *A precipitate decision leads to his failure. 一阵冷风造成气温急剧下降。 (=A cool breeze caused a precipitate drop in the temperature.) NB : 该词作动词用时，近义词为 hasten；作形容词用时，近义词为 hasty。 5. orient: v. to arrange or direct with a particular purpose *She looked at the street names, trying to orient herself. 登山者停下来以便辨别自己的方位。 (=The climber stopped to orient himself.) *The meeting decided that the magazine had to orient to the busisness community. Collocation: orient oneself to sth. 使自己熟悉某事 *It takes new students a while to orientate themselves to college life. 新同学要花一定的时间来熟悉校园生活。 be oriented to/towards/around sth/sb 迎合某人的需要, 围绕某事