Unit 1 Book 3 Friendship L. Difficult Sentences 1. When we approach the notion of friendship, our first problem is that there is a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for what makes a person a friend (1) What are“ socially acknowledged criteria”? (Socially acknowledged criteria"are established standards that are accepted by all the people in the society. (2) Translate this sentence (=我们探讨友谊这个概念时,遇到的第一个问题是,没有社会公认的择友 标准。) 2. In one setting, we may describe someone as a friend; in another, the label may seem less appropriate What does this sentence imply? (The criteria for friendship vary from setting to setting 3. They take pleasure in each other's company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it. (1) Do they enjoy being together purely because they like each other? (No, they are together just because they expect to benefit from their relationship 2)Translate this sentence (=只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时候,才会乐于呆在一起。) 4. Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure because the lives of the young are regulated by their fee lings, and th chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment (1)What do young people care most when making friends? (They care most about their own feelings, their own pleasure and whether there is an important opportunity at the present time. (2) Translate this sentence (=年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的,因为年轻人的生 活受感情支配,他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。) 5. That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day. What can we infer from this sentence?
1 Unit 1 Book 3 Friendship I. Difficult Sentences 1. When we approach the notion of friendship, our first problem is that there is a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for what makes a person a friend. (1) What are “socially acknowledged criteria”? (=“Socially acknowledged criteria” are established standards that are accepted by all the people in the society.) (2) Translate this sentence. (=我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有社会公认的择友 标准。) 2. In one setting, we may describe someone as a friend; in another, the label may seem less appropriate. What does this sentence imply? (=The criteria for friendship vary from setting to setting.) 3. They take pleasure in each other’s company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it. (1) Do they enjoy being together purely because they like each other? (= No, they are together just because they expect to benefit from their relationship.) (2) Translate this sentence. (=只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时候，才会乐于呆在一起。) 4. Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings, and their chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment. (1) What do young people care most when making friends? (=They care most about their own feelings, their own pleasure and whether there is an important opportunity at the present time.) (2) Translate this sentence. (=年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为年轻人的生 活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。) 5. That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the same day. What can we infer from this sentence?
(Young people's friendship is temporary, because the attitude they hold to friendship is always changing 6. Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is (1)What does this sentence imply? (Perfect friendship exists only between people who are equally good. (2) Translate this sentence (=只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间的友谊才是完美的。) 7. It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form Paraphrase this sentence LOve and friendship are mainly found between good people and the love and friendship are of the best quality 8. And no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each has proved to the other that he is worthy of love, and so won his (1)How can two persons become real friends? ( Only when each has proved that he deserves the love of the other and thus has won the other's trust) 2)Translate this sentence (=只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并赢得对方的信任之后,彼此方能接 受对方为朋友。) 9. He further defines"the good"as"those whose actions and lives leave question as to their honor, purity, equity, and liberality who are free from greed, lust, and violence; and who have the courage of their convictions” (1)What does the expression"have the courage of their convictions mean? ( It means"be brave enough to say and act on what they think is right even though other people may not agree or approve. " (2) Translate this sentence (=他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁、 公平和开明的人;那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人;那些敢于依照自己 的信念说话和做事的人
2 (=Young people’s friendship is temporary, because the attitude they hold to friendship is always changing.) 6. Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect. (1) What does this sentence imply? (=Perfect friendship exists only between people who are equally good.) (2) Translate this sentence. (=只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间的友谊才是完美的。) 7. It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form. Paraphrase this sentence. (=Love and friendship are mainly found between good people and the love and friendship are of the best quality.) 8. And no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each has proved to the other that he is worthy of love, and so won his trust. (1) How can two persons become real friends? (=Only when each has proved that he deserves the love of the other and thus has won the other’s trust.) (2) Translate this sentence. (=只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并赢得对方的信任之后，彼此方能接 受对方为朋友。) 9. He further defines “the good” as “those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honor, purity, equity, and liberality; who are free from greed, lust, and violence; and who have the courage of their convictions.” (1) What does the expression “have the courage of their convictions” mean? (= It means “be brave enough to say and act on what they think is right even though other people may not agree or approve.”) (2) Translate this sentence. (=他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁、 公平和开明的人；那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己 的信念说话和做事的人。”)
10....and they must share a commitment to the good Paraphrase this sentence. (.and they both must devote themselves to pursuing what is morally right or worthy of praise ll. Words and Expressions 1. notion: n. an idea, belief or concept Our management system is based on the notions of personal equality and liberty.我们的管理体系是基于人的平等、自由观念而建立的 (she has no notion of the difficulty of this problem CF idea, concept notion 这些名词均有“思想”、“观点”、观念”之意。 idea最普通,几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。 concept指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部 联系的比较系统的概念或看法。 notion指的是一种模糊的、变化莫测的想法,无可靠的基础,是未经深思熟 虑的、甚至让人觉得荒谬的观点。 (Directions: ) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessar (1)She seemed unfami liar with the that everyone should have an equal opportunity. concept (2)I have no how she managed to do this. idea/notion) (3I had a silly hat he would come back and beg me for forgiveness. notion) (4)Dont get any about revenge. ideas 2. criterion: n standard by which sth is judged The companys criterion for success is high sales 对一些出版商而言,评判一本书是否畅销的标准是长度而非内容。 (To some publishers, the criterion of a book which will sell well is length rather than content CF. standard criterion 这两个名词均含“标准”之意。 standard指公认为决定事物质量或人的品质的准则或原则。例如: All restaurants in the town with a low standard of hy giene have been forced to close.城里所有卫生水准低的餐馆都被迫关门了 criterion较正式用词,指判断、批评事物的标准,但不一定制成了规章。例
3 10. …and they must share a commitment to the good. Paraphrase this sentence. (=…and they both must devote themselves to pursuing what is morally right or worthy of praise.) II. Words and Expressions 1. notion: n. an idea, belief or concept *Our management system is based on the notions of personal equality and liberty. 我们的管理体系是基于人的平等、自由观念而建立的。 (=She has no notion of the difficulty of this problem.) CF. idea, concept & notion 这些名词均有“思想”、“观点”、观念”之意。 idea 最普通，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。 concept 指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部 联系的比较系统的概念或看法。 notion 指的是一种模糊的、变化莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，是未经深思熟 虑的、甚至让人觉得荒谬的观点。 (Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. (1) She seemed unfamiliar with the ______ that everyone should have an equal opportunity. (=concept) (2) I have no _____ how she managed to do this. (= idea/notion) (3) I had a silly _____ that he would come back and beg me for forgiveness. (=notion) (4) Don't get any _____ about revenge. (=ideas) 2. criterion: n. standard by which sth. is judged *The company’s criterion for success is high sales. 对一些出版商而言，评判一本书是否畅销的标准是长度而非内容。 (=To some publishers, the criterion of a book which will sell well is length rather than content.) CF. standard & criterion 这两个名词均含“标准”之意。 standard 指公认为决定事物质量或人的品质的准则或原则。例如： *All restaurants in the town with a low standard of hygiene have been forced to close. 城里所有卫生水准低的餐馆都被迫关门了。 criterion 较正式用词，指判断、批评事物的标准，但不一定制成了规章。例 如：
hat are the criteria for deciding who gets the prize?评定获奖者以什 么作 标准 3. appropriate: ad. correct or suitable for a particular situation or occasion Suits are always appropriate for a job interview His formal sty le of speaking was appropriate to the occasion 4. thin: adj. not having the necessary qualities to gain the intended His thin attempt surely resulted in nothing 书评家认为她最近写的那部小说没什么意思 (The critics found her latest novel rather thin 5. classical: adj. based on or belonging to an old or established system principles or methods, e. g in art or science Dressed in ballet skirt, she danced with a classical elegance 他将前往中国去研究中国古典诗歌。 (He is going to China to study chinese classical poetry. 6. distinguish between: recognize differences between The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish between them 不能辨别颜色的人称为色盲 (People who cannot distinguish between colors are said to be color-blind 7. utility: n the quality or condition of being useful; usefulness Farm animals have economic value because of their utility 祖母总是怀疑洗碟机的实用价值。 (Grandma has always doubted the utility value of a dishwasher 8. ground: n reason(s)or justification for saying, doing or believing sth She can't accept his ground for divorce (He has been fired from the job on the grounds of incompetence Patterns a goundlgrounds for... …的理由 on the grounds of.. 基于……的原因 on the grounds that 因为… 9. break up: to come or bring to an end, especially by separating Their marriage eventually broke up due to lack of communication 警察及时赶到酒吧结束了这场打斗
4 *What are the criteria for deciding who gets the prize? 评定获奖者以什 么作 标准。 3. appropriate: adj. correct or suitable for a particular situation or occasion *Suits are always appropriate for a job interview. (= His formal style of speaking was appropriate to the occasion.) 4. thin: adj. not having the necessary qualities to gain the intended result *His thin attempt surely resulted in nothing. 书评家认为她最近写的那部小说没什么意思。 (=The critics found her latest novel rather thin.) 5. classical: adj. based on or belonging to an old or established system of principles or methods, e.g. in art or science *Dressed in ballet skirt, she danced with a classical elegance. 他将前往中国去研究中国古典诗歌。 (=He is going to China to study Chinese classical poetry.) 6. distinguish between:recognize differences between *The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish between them. 不能辨别颜色的人称为色盲。 (=People who cannot distinguish between colors are said to be color-blind.) 7. utility: n. the quality or condition of being useful; usefulness *Farm animals have economic value because of their utility. 祖母总是怀疑洗碟机的实用价值。 (=Grandma has always doubted the utility value of a dishwasher.) 8. ground: n. reason(s) or justification for saying, doing or believing sth. *She can’t accept his ground for divorce. (=He has been fired from the job on the grounds of incompetence.) Patterns: a gound/grounds for… ……的理由 on the grounds of… 基于……的原因 on the grounds that… 因为…… 9. break up: to come or bring to an end, especially by separating *Their marriage eventually broke up due to lack of communication. 警察及时赶到酒吧结束了这场打斗
(Police arrived at the bar in time and broke up the fight 10. pursue: vt. try to achieve sth. continue steadily with; carry on *She decided to pursue her studies after obtaining her first degree s 决定在获得学士学位之后继续深造 老板决定不再追查那事 (our boss has decided not to pursue the matter any further Collocation pursue sb. 追求某人 pursue a vocation 从事一份职业 pursue a hobby 从事一项爱好 pursue a goal 追求一个目标 11. take pleasure in(doing )sth. to enjoy(doing)sth. fThe audience took pleasure in watching the graceful skaters dancing 老人很享受回忆往事 (The old man takes pleasure in remembering the past 12. in so far as: to the degree that They moved to the downtown area in so far as they could spend less on the way to work. 为了能有所发现,他仍然坚持在这一领域的研究 (He still continued his research in this field in so far as he could some discoveries 13. regulate: vt. to control, especia lly by ru les; bring order or method to Sweating can help to regulate the body' s temperature.出汗有助于调 节体温。 长寿的人通常饮食习惯有规律。 (Those who enjoy a long life usually regulate their eating habits. (Wages and working hours are regulated by a series of laws Collocations: regulate the traffic 管理交通 requlate expenditure 控制费用 regulate the speed 调整速度 regulate a clock 校对时钟 regulate food supplies 调节食物供应 14. as to: on the subject of; concerning e are puzzled as to how the accident happened关于事故是如何发
5 (=Police arrived at the bar in time and broke up the fight.) 10. pursue: vt. try to achieve sth.; continue steadily with; carry on *She decided to pursue her studies after obtaining her first degree. 她 决定在获得学士学位之后继续深造。 老板决定不再追查那事。 (=Our boss has decided not to pursue the matter any further.) Collocations: pursue sb. 追求某人 pursue a vocation 从事一份职业 pursue a hobby 从事一项爱好 pursue a goal 追求一个目标 11. take pleasure in (doing) sth.: to enjoy (doing) sth. *The audience took pleasure in watching the graceful skaters’ dancing. 老人很享受回忆往事。 (=The old man takes pleasure in remembering the past.) 12. in so far as: to the degree that *They moved to the downtown area in so far as they could spend less time on the way to work. 为了能有所发现，他仍然坚持在这一领域的研究。 (=He still continued his research in this field in so far as he could make some discoveries.) 13. regulate: vt. to control, especially by rules; bring order or method to *Sweating can help to regulate the body’s temperature. 出汗有助于调 节体温。 长寿的人通常饮食习惯有规律。 (=Those who enjoy a long life usually regulate their eating habits.) (=Wages and working hours are regulated by a series of laws.) Collocations: regulate the traffic 管理交通 regulate expenditure 控制费用 regulate the speed 调整速度 regulate a clock 校对时钟 regulate food supplies 调节食物供应 14. as to: on the subject of; concerning *We are puzzled as to how the accident happened. 关于事故是如何发