长 然密镜】 新旅游 (黔 新游者 限刺发展 细分的市场 大规模生产☐ 渠接接器 包机航班计算机技木 经济增长 包价旅游 儿 旧旅游 I945 1958 1968 1978 2000 2020 A Sequence of Tourism Platform Jafari(2001)has identified four tourism platforms,or perspectives,that have dominated the field of tourism at various stages of its development and continue to influence the field today ★Advocacy platform/perspective(拥护提倡型理论平台) ★Cautionary platform/.perspective(小心谨慎型理论平台) ★Adaptancy platform//perspective(改变适应型理论平台) ★Knowledge-based platform/perspective(以知识为基础的理论平台) ★Advocacy platform/,perspective(拥护提倡型理论平台) Tourism is an inherent benefit to communities that should be developed under free market principles.This platform can be described as an "anti-management' perspective,which assumes that tourism is an inherently positive force best left to its own-the role of government,if any,is to facilitate the growth of tourism through the passing of pro-tourism legislation and by maintain law and order. Cautionary platform/perspective(小心谨慎型理论平台)
A Sequence of Tourism Platform Jafari (2001) has identified four tourism platforms, or perspectives, that have dominated the field of tourism at various stages of its development and continue to influence the field today. ★ Advocacy platform/perspective (拥护提倡型理论平台) ★ Cautionary platform/perspective (小心谨慎型理论平台) ★ Adaptancy platform/perspective (改变适应型理论平台) ★ Knowledge-based platform/perspective (以知识为基础的理论平台) ★ Advocacy platform/perspective (拥护提倡型理论平台) Tourism is an inherent benefit to communities that should be developed under free market principles. This platform can be described as an “anti-management” perspective, which assumes that tourism is an inherently positive force best left to its own – the role of government, if any, is to facilitate the growth of tourism through the passing of pro-tourism legislation and by maintain law and order. Cautionary platform/perspective (小心谨慎型理论平台)
A reaction to the advocacy platform that stresses the negative impacts of tourism and the consequent need for strict regulation.This platform is a management perspective that perceives tourism to be an inherently destructive force that has to be strictly controlled or avoided altogether Adaptancy platform/perspective(改变适应型理论平台) A follow-up on the cautionary platform that advocates alternative forms of tourism deemed to be more appropriate than the mass tourism fostered by the advocacy platform.In alignment with the cautionary platform,adaptancy platform introduced and articulated concepts that were conceived as more regulated and small-scale alternatives to mass tourism, such as alternative tourism and ecotourism. Knowledge-based platform/perspective(以知识为基础的理论平台sc, decision for public administration) The most recent dominant perspective in tourism studies,emphasizing ideological neutrality and the application of rigorous scientific methodologies to obtair knowledge so that communities can decide whether large-scale or small-scale tourism is most appropriate.Effective management decisions about this complex tourism system are based not on emotion or ideology,but on sound knowledge obtained through the application of the scientific method and informed by relevant models and theories. Academic Discipline ★Indigenous theories
A reaction to the advocacy platform that stresses the negative impacts of tourism and the consequent need for strict regulation. This platform is a management perspective that perceives tourism to be an inherently destructive force that has to be strictly controlled or avoided altogether. Adaptancy platform/perspective (改变适应型理论平台) A follow-up on the cautionary platform that advocates alternative forms of tourism deemed to be more appropriate than the mass tourism fostered by the advocacy platform. In alignment with the cautionary platform, adaptancy platform introduced and articulated concepts that were conceived as more regulated and small-scale alternatives to mass tourism, such as alternative tourism and ecotourism. Knowledge-based platform/perspective (以知识为基础的理论平台)(scientific decision for public administration) The most recent dominant perspective in tourism studies, emphasizing ideological neutrality and the application of rigorous scientific methodologies to obtain knowledge so that communities can decide whether large-scale or small-scale tourism is most appropriate. Effective management decisions about this complex tourism system are based not on emotion or ideology, but on sound knowledge obtained through the application of the scientific method and informed by relevant models and theories. Academic Discipline ★ Indigenous theories
Multidisciplinary approach *Interdisciplinary approach Past Present ●Future Uninteg perspectives Fusion of perspectives rom van Multidisciplinary TourismAfield of sudy Interdisciplinary 2A discipline in its own right An area of emphasis ◆ methodologies Industry Sectors and Research Needs Tourism Attractions (natural site and event;cultural site and event) *destination(attraction)images *the competitiveness of a tourism product *the quality of the service delivery by staff *site visitation pattern *the quality of educational components offered during a tourism experience *current and potential target markets social,cultural,environmental and economic impact assessments
★ Multidisciplinary approach ★ Interdisciplinary approach Industry Sectors and Research Needs Tourism Attractions (natural site and event; cultural site and event) ★ destination (attraction) images ★ the competitiveness of a tourism product ★ the quality of the service delivery by staff ★ site visitation pattern ★ the quality of educational components offered during a tourism experience ★ current and potential target markets ★ social, cultural, environmental and economic impact assessments
*the location of a tourism product in the destination life cycle *strategies for future planning and marketing,or an understanding of the consequences of legislative and statutory changes The Transport Sector *the development and evaluation of pricing strategies *the determination of demand elasticities,income and price elasticities *data regarding quality contro ★scheduling *safety and security issues *usage trends and patterns *customer expectations and satisfaction ★seasonality impacts *environmental and social impacts ★target markets *competitiveness within the transport secto ★management issues *future forecasting of transport needs *the effectiveness of innovations and technological advancements The Hospitality Sector quality evaluation and client needs in regard to services,amenities,facilities and their layout *the functionality and aesthetics of room designs in accommodation facilities
★ the location of a tourism product in the destination life cycle ★ strategies for future planning and marketing, or an understanding of the consequences of legislative and statutory changes The Transport Sector ★ the development and evaluation of pricing strategies ★ the determination of demand elasticities, income and price elasticities ★ data regarding quality control ★ scheduling ★ safety and security issues ★ usage trends and patterns ★ customer expectations and satisfaction ★ seasonality impacts ★ environmental and social impacts ★ target markets ★ competitiveness within the transport sector ★ management issues ★ future forecasting of transport needs ★ the effectiveness of innovations and technological advancements The Hospitality Sector ★ quality evaluation and client needs in regard to services, amenities, facilities and their layout ★ the functionality and aesthetics of room designs in accommodation facilities
*an evaluation of menu changes and menu contents ★stock control *health and safety issues *education and training requirements ★pricing strategies ★the effectiveness of yield management(收益管理、营收管理)techniques *the effectiveness of loyalty programs ★the development and monitoring of market profiles(市场轮廓、市场概祝) *the evaluation of marketing strategies *competitors and their products ★the development and review of strategies regarding cost-efficiency(成本效益) improvements an evaluation of management and policies *the implications of legislative and statutory changes such as tax systems ★the benefits and costs of tour packaging and product clustering(产品集群) ★a longitudinal(历时、纵向)knowledge of usage patterns and trends Tourism Bodies *a destination's image *the identification of major generating regions the identification of market segments ★the development of sociodemographic profiles(特征) *the identification of community attitudes
★ an evaluation of menu changes and menu contents ★ stock control ★ health and safety issues ★ education and training requirements ★ pricing strategies ★ the effectiveness of yield management (收益管理、营收管理) techniques ★ the effectiveness of loyalty programs ★ the development and monitoring of market profiles (市场轮廓、市场概况 ) ★ the evaluation of marketing strategies ★ competitors and their products ★ the development and review of strategies regarding cost-efficiency (成本效益) improvements ★ an evaluation of management and policies ★ the implications of legislative and statutory changes such as tax systems ★ the benefits and costs of tour packaging and product clustering (产品集群) ★ a longitudinal （历时、纵向）knowledge of usage patterns and trends Tourism Bodies ★ a destination’s image ★ the identification of major generating regions ★ the identification of market segments ★ the development of sociodemographic profiles (特征) ★ the identification of community attitudes