Dependent variable There are three primary ways to measure the process of problem solving The first and most obvious thing to measure is the number or proportion of subjects in different conditions that are able to solve the problem within a time limit The second measure of performance in solving the problem: latency,or the time taken to solve the problem a third measure that can be used in some problem-solving situations where more than one solution is possible is the quality of the solution It must be possible to rank the solutions on an ordinal scale; in other words, it must be possible to order them from best to worst
6 二、思维研究中的各种变量（1） • Dependent Variable • There are three primary ways to measure the process of problem solving. • The first and most obvious thing to measure is the number or proportion of subjects in different conditions that are able to solve the problem within a time limit. • The second measure of performance in solving the problem: latency, or the time taken to solve the problem. • A third measure that can be used in some problem-solving situations where more than one solution is possible is the quality of the solution. It must be possible to rank the solutions on an ordinal scale; in other words, it must be possible to order them from best to worst
丝的各种交绿2 Independent Variable The primary independent variable in the study of problem solving is the manner in which the problem is presented This can be varied in several different ways
7 二、思维研究中的各种变量（2） • Independent Variable • The primary independent variable in the study of problem solving is the manner in which the problem is presented. • This can be varied in several different ways
图各交3 Control Variable Experiments concerned with problem solving and thinking are often more complicated than others in human experimental psychology; thus, this area requires a great deal of care to produce experimental control Since it is typical in this field to use between-subjects designs care must be taken to ensure that subjects in the different conditions are statistically equivalent, either by randomly assigning them to conditions or by matching them on some dimension such as Io Similarly, one must control as tightly as feasible all extraneous variables
8 二、思维研究中的各种变量（3） • Control Variable • Experiments concerned with problem solving and thinking are often more complicated than others in human experimental psychology; thus, this area requires a great deal of care to produce experimental control. • Since it is typical in this field to use between-subjects designs, care must be taken to ensure that subjects in the different conditions are statistically equivalent, either by randomly assigning them to conditions or by matching them on some dimension such as IQ. • Similarly, one must control as tightly as feasible all extraneous variables
题解的影宠 NRAIAZNTWIOLNPAWINZNRAWINMLIPRN然 功能固定化( functional fixity) 定势(set)的作用 噪声
9 三、问题解决的早期研究 • 功能固定化（functional fixity） • 定势（set）的作用 • 噪声
间解第 如果我们想了解被试在解决问题时头脑内发生的情况,则可 以用口语记录分析的方法,即出声思维的方法。这种方法就 是让被试在解决问题时说出头脑内进行的一切活动,予以记 录,然后加以分析。 口语记录分析法是认知心理学进行思维的计算机模拟收集经 验数据的方法。 认知心理学还假定,人是一个信息加工系统,信息加工系统 也叫“符号操作系统”,更常称作“物理符号系统”。计算 机也是一个物理符号系统。 将人脑比喻为计算机,就可以从一个已知的系统去加深对 个不甚清楚的系统的理解。这样,我们可以用计算机程序来 模拟人的思维过程
10 四、问题解决的计算机模拟 • 如果我们想了解被试在解决问题时头脑内发生的情况，则可 以用口语记录分析的方法，即出声思维的方法。这种方法就 是让被试在解决问题时说出头脑内进行的一切活动，予以记 录，然后加以分析。 • 口语记录分析法是认知心理学进行思维的计算机模拟收集经 验数据的方法。 • 认知心理学还假定，人是一个信息加工系统，信息加工系统 也叫“符号操作系统”，更常称作“物理符号系统”。计算 机也是一个物理符号系统。 • 将人脑比喻为计算机，就可以从一个已知的系统去加深对一 个不甚清楚的系统的理解。这样，我们可以用计算机程序来 模拟人的思维过程