B2应付环境变异 要点 条件 引起有机体对其反应的、可变的环境因子是条件 ( conditions),例如温度、酸度和盐度。条佧是不可能被 减少的——它不能被有机体用掉或消耗掉 资源 有机体消耗的任何东西,对该有机体而言,就是资源 例如,蜜是蜜蜂的资源,光是一切绿色植物的资源
B2 应付环境变异 要 点 条 件 引起有机体对其反应的 、可变的环境因子是条件 (conditions),例如温度、酸度和盐度。条件是不可能被 减少的 — — 它 不 能 被 有 机 体 用 掉 或 消 耗 掉 。 资 源 有机体消耗的任何东西,对该有机体而言,就是资源。 例如,蜜是蜜蜂的资源,光是一切绿色植物的资源
B2 COPING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION Key notes Conditions Variable environmental factors which organisms respond to are conditions. Examples include temperature, acidity and salinity. Conditions are not depletable- they are not used up or consumed by an organism Resources Anything which the organism uses up or depletes is a resource for that organism. Thus, nectar is a resource for honey bees, and light is a resource for all green plants
Key Notes Variable environmental factors which organisms respond to are conditions. Examples include temperature, acidity and salinity. Conditions are not depletable – they are not used up or consumed by an organism. Anything which the organism uses up or depletes is a resource for that organism. Thus, nectar is a resource for honey bees, and light is a resource for all green plants. B2 COPING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION Conditions Resources
大多数有机体都必须应付在一定时间尺度范围内不断 环境变异 变化着的外界环境。某些环境因子的变化以秒或分计 (如当有云块时的阳光强度),另一些因子的变化以 日或季计,甚至更长更长的时期(如冰河周期) 内调节 生物细胞不可能在剧烈的变动环境中运行,因此,有 机体要采取行动以限制其内环境的变异性
环境变异 大多数有机体都必须应付在一定时间尺度范围内不断 变化着的外界环境。某些环境因子的变化以秒或分计 (如当有云块时的阳光强度),另一些因子的变化以 日或季计,甚至更长更长的时期(如冰河周期)。 内 调 节 生物细胞不可能在剧烈的变动环境中运行,因此,有 机体要采取 行动以限制其内环境的变异性
Environmental Most organisms have to cope with a continually changing variation external environment over a range of timescales. Some environmental factors may change over seconds or minutes(e.g. sunlight intensity when there is patchy cloud whilst others may change daily or seasonally or over a much change daily or seasonally or over a much longer period(e. g. glaciation cycles) Internal Biological cells cannot function with a wildly regulation fluctuating environment and organisms therefore take steps to limit their internal variation
Most organisms have to cope with a continually changing external environment over a range of timescales. Some environmental factors may change over seconds or minutes (e.g. sunlight intensity when .there is patchy cloud) whilst others may change daily or seasonally or over a much change daily or seasonally or over a much longer period (e.g. glaciation cycles). Environmental variation Biological cells cannot function with a wildly fluctuating environment and organisms therefore take steps to limit their internal variation. Internal regulation
稳态 有机体在可变动的外部环境中维持一个相对恒定的内 部环境,称为稳态( homeostasis)。一切有机体都采 取一定程度的稳态控制,但是一般地说,大型有机体 比小型的更易从其外部环境中退耦( decouple) 负反馈大多数生物的稳态机制以大致一样的方式起作用:如 果一个因子的内部水平(如温度或渗透性)太高,该 机制将减少它;如果水平太低,就提高它。这个过程 叫做负反馈。负反馈反应的方向与信号的相反
稳 态 有机体在可变动的外部环境中维持一个相对恒定的内 部环境,称为稳态(homeostasis)。一切有机体都采 取一定程度的稳态控制,但是一般地说,大型有机体 比小型的更易从其外部环境中退耦(decouple)。 负 反 馈 大多数生物的稳态机制以大致一样的方式起作用:如 果一个因子的内部水平(如温度或渗透性)太高,该 机制将减少它;如果水平太低,就提高它。这个过程 叫做负反馈。负反馈反应的方向与信号的相反