规律6:“讲故在打算解释生态学种种模式或相互关系的时候,人 事”是危险的 很容易滑到虚假世界之中,每一个观察都很容易的被 某特设的断言(所谓的“讲故事”)所解释了。无论 如何,总想去推进假设实际上是应该避免的。 对于任何观察,常常可以识别出一个直接的原因,但 规律7:要有分 层次的解释 这种因果解释往往是资料不足的,我们需要进一步探 索,以达到更完全的抓住情况。即使是现象已经被 解释”了,更进一步和更深入的解释也是很好的, 它允许我们看见更完全的情景
规律6：“讲故 事”是危险的 在打算解释生态学种种模式或相互关系的时候，人们 很容易滑到虚假世界之中，每一个观察都很容易的被 某特设的断言（所谓的“讲故事”）所解释了。无论 如何，总想去推进假设实际上是应该避免的。 规律7：要有分 层次的解释 对于任何观察，常常可以识别出一个直接的原因，但 这种因果解释往往是资料不足的，我们需要进一步探 索，以达到更完全的抓住情况。即使是现象已经被 “解释”了，更进一步和更深入的解释也是很好的， 它允许我们看见更完全的情景
Rule 6 Story-telling is dangerous. In attempting to explain ecological patterns or relationships, it is easy to slip into a make-believe world where every observation is readily explained by some ad hoc assertion-story-telling. The temptation to advance hypotheses as facts should be avoided at all costs Rule 7 There are hierarchies of explanations. For any observation there is often an immediate cause that can be diagnosed. Often this causal explanation is insufficiently informative and we need to probe deeper to reach a fuller grasp of the situation. Even if a and deeper explanations which allow us to see the henomenon is 'explained there may well be furthe fuller picture
Rule 6 ‘Story-telling’ is dangerous. In attempting to explain ecological patterns or relationships, it is easy to slip into a make-believe world where every observation is readily explained by some ad hoc assertion – ‘story-telling’. The temptation to advance hypotheses as facts should be avoided at all costs. Rule 7 There are hierarchies of explanations. For any observation there is often an immediate cause that can be diagnosed. Often this causal explanation is insufficiently informative and we need to probe deeper to reach a fuller grasp of the situation. Even if a phenomenon is ‘explained’ there may well be further and deeper explanations which allow us to see the fuller picture
规律8:有机体 有机体表现出来的形态、功能和环境适应力的总多样 具有很多限制 性是令人惊叹的,每个个体(和每一个种,但较少程 度)则在相对较小的约束范围中运转。约束基本上有 两类:(i)物理的,(ⅱ)进化的。由于这些约束,进 化从来就没有达到“完善”过,有机体基本上是许多 妥协的杂烩
规律8：有机体 具有很多限制 有机体表现出来的形态、功能和环境适应力的总多样 性是令人惊叹的，每个个体（和每一个种，但较少程 度）则在相对较小的约束范围中运转。约束基本上有 两类：（i）物理的，（ii）进化的。由于这些约束，进 化从来就没有达到“完善”过，有机体基本上是许多 妥协的杂烩
Rule 8 There are multiple constraints on organisms. Whilst the total diversity of form, function and environmental resilience exhibited by organisms is awe inspiring, each individual(and, to a slightly lesser extent, each species)operates within a relatively narrow range of constraints. Constraints fundamentally take two forms, (1) physical and (ii) evolutionary. Evolution cab never reach perfection because of these constraints and organisms are essentially hotchpotches of numerous compromises
Rule 8 There are multiple constraints on organisms. Whilst the total diversity of form, function and environmental resilience exhibited by organisms is aweinspiring, each individual (and, to a slightly lesser extent, each species) operates within a relatively narrow range of constraints. Constraints fundamentally take two forms, (i) physical and (ii) evolutionary. Evolution cab never reach ‘perfection’ because of these constraints and organisms are essentially hotchpotches of numerous compromises
规律9:机会是|随机事件在生态学中起关键性的作用。林冠中出现林 重要的 窗或沙丘在风暴后裂口,对于当地动植物区系将有重 要的影响,但是,林窗和裂口出现的时间和地点都是 不可预测的。机会的作用也与有机体过去进化综合在 起。生态学中机会事件的重要性并不意味着生态学 中的模式是完全不可预测的,但是它必然是位于预言 细节的潜在水平之边缘 规律10:在生生态学是一门广泛的科学,覆盖着生物和物理环境, 态学家心目中从而作为潜在相关的,很少有被排除在外的了。数学 的生态学边界 化学和物理学都是理解生态学的基本工具
规律9：机会是 重要的 随机事件在生态学中起关键性的作用。林冠中出现林 窗或沙丘在风暴后裂口，对于当地动植物区系将有重 要的影响，但是，林窗和裂口出现的时间和地点都是 不可预测的。机会的作用也与有机体过去进化综合在 一起。生态学中机会事件的重要性并不意味着生态学 中的模式是完全不可预测的，但是它必然是位于预言 细节的潜在水平之边缘。 规律10：在生 态学家心目中 的生态学边界 生态学是一门广泛的科学，覆盖着生物和物理环境， 从而作为潜在相关的，很少有被排除在外的了。数学、 化学和物理学都是理解生态学的基本工具