出露于地表达到工农业利用要求的有用矿物。矿产是一种重养殖 要的自然资源,是社会发展的重要物质基础 滩涂养殖指利用位于海边潮间带的软泥或砂泥地带 矿产基础储量基础储量是查明矿产资源的一部分。它‖加以平整,筑堤、建坝等进行海水养殖 能满足现行采矿和生产所需的指标要求,是控制的、探明的 港湾养殖指利用港、湾,或在海边、河口附近的滩 并通过可行性或预可行性研究认为属于经济的、边界经济的涂、洼地拦闸筑堤进行海水养殖 部分,用未扣除设计、采矿损失的数量表表示 气温指空气的温度,我国一般以摄氏度(℃)为单位表 域每条河流都有自己的干流和支流,干支流共同‖示。气象观测的温度表是放在离地面约1.5米处通风良好的 组成这条河流的水系。每条河流都有自己的集水区域,这个百叶箱里测量的,因此,通常说的气温指的是离地面1.5米 集水区域就称为该河流的流域 处百叶箱中的温度。其统计计算方法为 外流河指直接或间接流入海洋的河流。供给外流河 月平均气温是将全月各日的平均气温相加,除以该月的 河水的区域称为外流区。 天数而得 内陆河指在陆地内部干燥地区,河水沿途消失于沙 年平均气温是将12个月的月平均气温累加后除以12而 漠或注入内陆湖泊的河流。供给内陆河河水的区域称为内陆‖得 区域。 相对湿度指空气中实际所含水蒸气密度和同温度下 大陆架指沿海国家的领海以外,依其陆地领士的全饱和水蒸气密度的百分比值。其统计方法与气温相同 部自然延伸,扩展到大陆边缘的,其宽度依据《联合国海洋 降水量指从天空降落到地面的液态或固态经融化后) 法公约》规定的海底区域的海床和底土。大陆架海区水产资‖水,未经蒸发、渗透、流失而在地面上积聚的深度。其统计 源丰富,海底多蕴藏石油、天然气以及其他矿产资源,这些计算方法为 自然资源属沿海国家所有。我国的大陆架为我国领海以外依 月降水量是将全月各日的降水量累加而得。 本国陆地领土的全部自然延伸,扩展到大陆边外缘的海底区 年降水量是将12个月的月降水量累加而得。 域的海床和底土;如果从测算领海宽度的基线量起至大陆边 日照时数指太阳实际照射地面的时间。其统计方法 外缘的距离不足200海里,则扩展到200海里。 与降水量相同 戋海养殖指在可养殖的浅海中进行海水经济动植物
17 出露于地表达到工农业利用要求的有用矿物。矿产是一种重 要的自然资源，是社会发展的重要物质基础。 矿产基础储量 基础储量是查明矿产资源的一部分。它 能满足现行采矿和生产所需的指标要求，是控制的、探明的 并通过可行性或预可行性研究认为属于经济的、边界经济的 部分，用未扣除设计、采矿损失的数量表表示。 流域 每条河流都有自己的干流和支流，干支流共同 组成这条河流的水系。每条河流都有自己的集水区域，这个 集水区域就称为该河流的流域。 外流河 指直接或间接流入海洋的河流。供给外流河 河水的区域称为外流区。 内陆河 指在陆地内部干燥地区，河水沿途消失于沙 漠或注入内陆湖泊的河流。供给内陆河河水的区域称为内陆 区域。 大陆架 指沿海国家的领海以外，依其陆地领土的全 部自然延伸，扩展到大陆边缘的，其宽度依据《联合国海洋 法公约》规定的海底区域的海床和底土。大陆架海区水产资 源丰富，海底多蕴藏石油、天然气以及其他矿产资源，这些 自然资源属沿海国家所有。我国的大陆架为我国领海以外依 本国陆地领土的全部自然延伸，扩展到大陆边外缘的海底区 域的海床和底土; 如果从测算领海宽度的基线量起至大陆边 外缘的距离不足200 海里，则扩展到200 海里。 浅海养殖 指在可养殖的浅海中进行海水经济动植物 养殖。 滩涂养殖 指利用位于海边潮间带的软泥或砂泥地带 加以平整，筑堤、建坝等进行海水养殖。 港湾养殖 指利用港、湾，或在海边、河口附近的滩 涂、洼地拦闸筑堤进行海水养殖。 气温 指空气的温度，我国一般以摄氏度(℃)为单位表 示。气象观测的温度表是放在离地面约1.5米处通风良好的 百叶箱里测量的，因此，通常说的气温指的是离地面1.5米 处百叶箱中的温度。其统计计算方法为: 月平均气温是将全月各日的平均气温相加，除以该月的 天数而得。 年平均气温是将12个月的月平均气温累加后除以12而 得。 相对湿度 指空气中实际所含水蒸气密度和同温度下 饱和水蒸气密度的百分比值。其统计方法与气温相同。 降水量 指从天空降落到地面的液态或固态(经融化后) 水，未经蒸发、渗透、流失而在地面上积聚的深度。其统计 计算方法为: 月降水量是将全月各日的降水量累加而得。 年降水量是将12个月的月降水量累加而得。 日照时数 指太阳实际照射地面的时间。其统计方法 与降水量相同
Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators Administrative Division refers to the d ivision of admin- Area of cultivated land refers to area of land reclaimed istrat ive areas by the state. The Const itut ion of the People's for the regular cultivation of various farm crops, including crop- Republic of China stipulates that the administrative areas in China cover land, fallow, newly reclaimed land and land laid idle for less are divided as: 1) The whole country is divided into provinces, than 3 years autonomous regions and municipal it ies directly under the central Area of Afforested land refer to land for trees bamboo government; 2)Provinces and autonomous regions are divided bushes and mangr ove, including forest-cover land, bush-covered into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and land, sparse forest land, land planned for afforestat ion and nurs- eries of young trees tonomous counties and cit ies; 4)Counties and autonomous coun- Area of grassland refers to areas of grassland, grass- ties are divided into townships, nationality townships and towns: slopes and grass-covered hills with a vegetation-covering rate of 5)Municipalities and large cities are div ided into distr icts and over 5% that are used for animal husbandry or harvesting of counties, 6)The state shall, when necessary, establish special grass. It includes natural, cultivated and improved grassland ar- Territory refers to territorial land, sea and air space under/eas administrative re gions. Fore st Resou rce refers to forests. trees. forestland and the administration of the Peop les Republic of China. wild animals, plants and microorganism that live on forest and Climate refers to the natural environmental status formed trees. Trees include trees and bamboo. Forest refers to the popu- by the long-termexchange of energy and mass between the earth lat ion of clusters of trees and other plants, animals and microor- and the air, and is the results of interaction of many factors. ganism as well as the earth and climate that have interactions Climate is both one of the environment factors and the important with the trees res ources for the living and production activities of the human Total Standing S tock Volume refers to the total stock being The average values across several years of meteorological volume of trees growing in land, including trees in forest, tress in factors such as temperature, rainfall and humid ity are used as sparse forest, scattered trees and trees planted by the side of ortant parameters to describe the climate of a region, while villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers the average values(or tot al values)of a given y ear or month of Forest Area refers to the area of forest where trees and meteorological factors reflect the key characteristics of climate bamboo grow with canopy density above 0.2, including land of for that period of time natural woods and plant ed woods, but exclud ing bush land and Natural Resources refer to material resources that could thin forest land. It reflects the tot al areas of afforestation be obtained from the nat ure by human being and used for produc- Stock Vol ume of fore st refers to total stock volume of tion and living Natural resources in general can be classified as wood growing in forest area, which shows the total size and level renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable of forest resources of a country or a regione Rlt is also an impor resources refer to resources that could be renewed and recy cled tant indicator illustrat ing the richness of forest resource and the during a relat ively short period of time, including land resource,status of forest ecological environment water resource, climate resource, biology resource and marine Fore st Coverage Rate refers to the rat io of area of resource Non-renewable resources include resources that could afforested land to total land area It is a very important indicator not be renewed. such as minerals and geothermal resource. that reflects the status of abundance of forest res ource and eco- Land Resource Land refers to the surface of the earth, sy stem balance. Forest ar ea includes the area of trees and bam- consist ing of mainly rocks and its whethering and earth. Land boo grow with canopy density above 0.2, the area of shrubby resource can be classified, by its utiliz ation, as land for agricul- tree accordingto regulations of the government, the area of forest ture, land for construction and unused land. Land for agriculture land inside farm land and the area of trees planted by the side of includes cultivated land, plantation land, forest land, grassland villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers. The formula for and waters. Land for construction includes land for res ident ial calculating forest coverage rate is as follows purpose, for manufacturing and mining for transport ation and Forestry coverage rate(%F(Area of Afforested Land/Area for water-conservancy projects. Unused land refers to land other of Total Land)X 100% than land for agriculture and construct ion, includ ing beaches, Mangroves are woody p lant or plant communities in desert s, Gobi, glaciers and rock mountains tropical or sub- trop ical zones which live between the sea and the
18 Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators Administrative Division refers to the division of administrative areas by the state. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates thatthe administrative areas inChina are divided as: 1) The whole country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government; 2) Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; 3) Autonomous prefectures are divided into counties, autonomous counties and cities; 4) Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships and towns; 5) Municipalities and large cities are divided into districts and counties, 6) The state shall, when necessary, establish special administrative regions. Territory refers to territorialland, sea and airspace under the administration of the People's Republic of China. Climate refersto the natural environmentalstatus formed by the long-termexchange of energy and mass between t he earth and t he air, and is t he results of interaction of many factors. Climate is both one of the environment factors and the important resources for the living and production activities of t he human being. The average values across several years of meteorological factors such as temperature, rainfall and humidity are used as important parameters t o describe the climate of a region, while the average values (or tot al values) of a given y ear or month of met eorological factors reflect the key characteristics of climate for that period of time. Natural Resources refer to materialresources that could be obtained from the nature by human being and used for production and living. Natural resources in general can be classified as renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources refer to resources that could be renewed and recy cled during a relatively short period of time, including land resource, wat er resource, climate resource, biology resource and marine resource. Non-renewable resources include resources that could not be renewed, such as minerals and geothermal resource. Land Resource Land refers to t he surface of the earth, consisting of mainly rocks and its whethering and eart h. Land resource can be classified, by its utiliz ation, as land for agriculture, land for construction and unused land. Land for agriculture includes cultivated land, plantation land, forestland, grassland and waters. Land for construction includes land for residential purpose, for manufacturing and mining, for transport ation and for water-conservancy projects. Unused land refers to land other than land for agriculture and construction, including beaches, deserts, Gobi, glaciers and rock mountains. Area of Cultivated Land refersto area of land reclaimed for the regular cultivation of various farm crops, including cropcover land, fallow, newly reclaimed land and land laid idle for less than 3 years. Area of Afforested Land refer to land for trees bamboo, bushes and mangrove, including forest-cover land, bush-covered land, sparse forest land, land planned for afforestation and nurseries of young trees. Area of Grassland refers to areas of grassland, grassslopes and grass-covered hills with a vegetation-covering rate of over 5% that are used for animal husbandry or harvesting of grass. It includes natural, cultivated and improved grassland areas. Fore st Resource refers to forests, trees, forestland and wild animals, plants and microorganism that live on forest and trees. Treesinclude trees and bamboo. Forest refers to the population of clusters of trees and other plants, animals and microorganism as well as the earth and climat e that have int eractions with the trees. Total Standing Stock Volume refers to t he total stock volume of trees growing in land, including trees in forest, tress in sp arse forest, scattered trees and trees planted by t he side of villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers. Forest Area refers to the area of forest where trees and bamboo grow with canopy density above 0.2, including land of natural woods and plant ed woods, but excluding bush land and thin forest land. It reflects the tot al areas of afforest ation. Stock Volume of Fore st refers to t otal stock volume of wood growingin forest area, which showsthe total size and level of forest resources of a country or a region£® It is also an important indicator illustrating the richness of forest resource and the status of forest ecological environment. Fore st Coverage Rate refers to the ratio of area of afforested land to total land area. It is a very important indicator that reflects the status of abundance of forest resource and ecosyst em balance. Forest area includes t he area of trees and bamboo grow with canopy densit y above 0.2, the area of shrubby tree accordingto regulations of the government, t he area of forest land inside farm land and the area of trees plant ed by the side of villages, farm houses and along roads and rivers. The formula for calculating forest coverage rate is as follows: Forestry coverage rate (%)= (Area of Afforested Land/Area of Total Land)×100% Mangrove s are woody p lant or plant communities in tropical orsub- tropical zones which live between the sea and the
land in areas which are inundated by tides nomic, by feasibility assessment or prefeasibility study, mineral Water Re source Water exists in the nature in solid, liquid resources, which are not taken off the loss of designing and and gaseous states, is distributed in the ocean, land(including ing Bas ic reserves can meet the index of present mining and earth)and air, and const itutes the water resource through the production demand. circulat ion of water. Water resource includes the surface water Drainage Area Each river has its own main stream and and underground water that is controlled by the human being for branches to form the water sy stem of the river. Each river has its irrigat ion,power-generation, water supply, navigation and culti- own catchment area, which is also called as the drainage area of vat ion. It also includes rivers, lakes, wells, springs, tides, gulf the river and water area for cultivation. Water resource as an import ant Out-flowing Rivers refer to rivers directly or indirectly natural resource is indispensable for the development of the na- flowing into the sea. The area providing water to the out-flowing tional economy rivers is called as out-flowing area. Surface Water and Underground water Water on earth Inland Rivers refer to rivers in inland dry areas that di can be divided into surface water and underground water accord- away in desert on the way or infuse into inland lakes. The area ing to its distribution. Surface water refers to moist ure exis ts in providing water to the inland rivers is called as inland area. rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, icecaps and so on. It is al Con tinental She lf refers to seabed and subsoil of sea land water. The undergr ound water refers to water deposited floor area that bey ond the marginal sea of the coastal countries underground in the cranny and the hole of saturat ed rock soil and which stretches naturally of its land territory to continent edge, in the water-eroded cave and its width is defined by the nited Nations m arine Conven- Inland Water Area refers to water area of rivers, lakes, tion. The continental shelf area is rich in aquatic products, and its seabedcontains petroleum, natural gas and other mineral resources, Ocean is the general name for sea and oceanOcean refers which belong to the coas tal countries. The continental shelf of to the main body oflarge salt water connected with the earth. Sea our country is the natural stretch of its land territory to the refers to the edge areas of the salt water on the earth that are continent edge besides the marginal sea of our country. It ex- Marine Cultivatable Areas refer to water areas in beach, of the continent. If the distance from the baseline ofthe marginal shallow sea and lough that are used to breed marine cash propa- sea to the cont inent edge is less than 200 sea miles, it can be gation, such as fish, shrimp, crab, shellfish, alga and so on. expanded to 200 sea miles Runo ff refers to the water gathered at the way out of the Shallow Sea Cultivation refers to the breedingof marine ross section of drainage area either from the sur face or under- cash propagat ion in the cultivatable shallow sea. ground after deducting the wast age of the precip it at ion on the Sea-breaches Cultivation refers to the level off the ooze landRunoff can be divided into surface runoff, underground and mud in tideland to bank up and build dam to conduct mar runoff and within soil runoff. Surface runoff refers to water flowcultivation to the rivers, lakes, swamps, and seas on the surface of the earth. Lough cultiva tion refers to marine cultivation c Underground runoff refers to water flow torivers, lakes, swamps, in harbors, bends, or the sea-beaches or marshes around and seas through the water-bearing strat um of confined lay er or and bayou by blocking the gate and banking up the dam. unconfined layer Tem perature refers to the air temperature. China uses Vol ume of Runoff refers to the total volume of water centigrade as the unit. The thermometry used for weather obser running through a certain cross section of a river during a certain vation is put in a breezy shutter, which is 1.5 meters high from period of time, reflect ing the water resource condition in a coun- the ground. Therefore, the commonly usedtemperature refers to try or a region. The formula for calculating volume or runoff is as the temperature in the breezy shutter 1.5 meters away from the follows: ground. The calculation method is as follows: Monthly average temperature is the summat ion of average Mineral Resources refer to useful minerals that can be daily temperature of one month divided by the act ual days of used for industrial or agricultural purp oses enriched in lithos- that particular month. phere or on earth due to the geological process. Minerals are mmual average temperature is the summat ion of month import ant natural resources, and important mater ial average of a year divided by cial development Re lative Humidity refers to the ratio of actual water Basic reserves are part of total identified mineral resources, vapor pressure to the satur ation water vap or density under the including indicated and measured, economic and marginal eco- current temperature. The statistical method is the same as that of 19
19 land in areas which are inundated by tides. Water Re source Water existsin the nature in solid, liquid and gas eous states, is distribut ed in the ocean, land (including earth) and air, and constitut es t he water resource t hrough t he circulation of water. Water resource includes the surface water and underground water that is controlled by the human being for irrigation, power-generation, wat ersupply, navigation and cultivation. It also includes rivers, lakes, wells, springs, tides, gulf and water area for cultivation. Water resource as an import ant natural resource is indispensable for the development of t he national economy. Surface Water and Underground Water Water on earth can be divided into surface water and underground water according t o its distribution. Surface water refers to moist ure exists in rivers, lakes,swamps, glaciers, icecaps and so on. It is also called land water. The underground water refers to wat er dep osit ed underground in the cranny and the hole of saturat ed rock soil and in the water-eroded cave. Inl and WaterArea refers to water area of rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoir, etc. Ocean is the general name for sea and ocean. Ocean refers to themain body of large salt water connected with the earth. Sea refers to the edge areas of the salt water on t he eart h that are comparted or surrounded by land, island, reef or peninsula. Marine Cultivatable Areas refer to water areasin beach, shallow sea and lough that are used t o breed marine cash propagation, such as fish, shrimp, crab, shellfish, alga and so on. Runoff refers to the water gathered at the way out of the cross section of drainage area either from the surface or underground after deducting the wast age of the precipit ation on the land. Runoff can be divided into surface runoff, underground runoff and within soil runoff. Surface runoff refers to water flow to the rivers, lakes, swamps, and seas on the surface of the earth. Underground runoff refersto water flow to rivers, lakes,swamps, and s eas through the water-bearing strat um of confined lay er or unconfined layer. Volume of Runoff refers to the total volume of wat er running through a certain cross section of a river during a certain period of time, reflecting the water resource condition in a country or a region. The formula for calculating volume or runoff is as follows: Runoff =Precipitation-Evaporation Mineral Resources refer to us eful minerals that can be used for industrial or agricultural purp oses enriched in lithosphere or on eart h due to t he geological process. Minerals are import ant naturalresources, and important material base for social development. Basic reserves are part of total identified mineral resources, including indicated and measured, economic and marginal economic, by feasibilit y assessment or prefeasibility study, mineral resources, which are not taken off the loss of designing and mining. Basic res erves can meet the index of p res ent mining and production demand. Drainage Area Each river has its own main stream and branches to form the water system of the river. Each river has its own catchment area, which is also called as the drainage area of the river. Out-flowing Ri vers refer to rivers directly or indirectly flowing int o the sea. The area providing water to the out-flowing rivers is called as out-flowing area. Inland Rivers refer to rivers in inland dry areas that die away in des ert on the way or infuse into inland lakes. The area providing water to the inland rivers is called as inland area. Continental She lf refers to seabed and subsoil of sea floor area that beyond the marginal sea of the coastal countries which stretches naturally of its land territory t o continent edge, and its width is defined by the nited Nations M arine Convention. The continental shelf area is rich in aquatic products, and its seabedcontains petroleum, natural gas and other mineralresources, which belong to the coastal countries. The continental shelf of our country is the natural stret ch of its land territory t o t he continent edge besides the marginal sea of our country. It expands to the seabed and subsoil of the sea floor area to the edge of the continent. If the distance from the baseline of the marginal sea t o the continent edge is less t han 200 sea miles, it can be expanded to 200 sea miles. Shallow Sea Cultivation refers to the breedingof marine cash propagation in the cultivatable shallow sea. Sea-breaches Cultivation refersto thelevel off the ooze and mud in tideland to bank up and build dam to conduct marine cultivation. Lough Cultivation refers to marine cultivation conducted in harbors, bends, or t he sea-beaches or marshes around seaside and bayou by blocking the gate and banking up the dam. Temperature refers t o the air temperature. China uses centigrade as the unit. The thermometry used for weather observation is put in a breezy shutter, which is 1.5 meters high from the ground. Therefore, the commonly used temperature refers to the temperature in the breezy shutter 1.5 meters away from the ground. The calculation method is as follows: Monthly average temperature is t he summation of average daily t emperature of one month divided by the act ual days of that p articular month. Annual average temperature is t he summation of monthly average of a year divided by 12 months. Re lati ve Humidity refers t o t he ratio of actual wat er vapor pressure to the saturation water vap or density under the current temperature. The statisticalmethod is the same asthat of
emperature tion of a month Volume of Precipitation refers to the deepness of liquid Annual precipitation is the summation of 12 months pre- state or solid state(thawed)water fall ing from the sky to the cip itation of a year. ound that has not been evaporated, infiltrated or run off. The Sunshine Hours refer to the actual hours of sun irradia Monthly precipitation is the summat ion of daily precipita-precipitaln the calculat ion method is the same as that of the calculat ion method is as follows
20 temperature. Volume of Precipitation refers to the deepness of liquid state or solid stat e (t hawed) water falling from the sky to the ground that has not been evaporated, infiltrated or run off. The calculation method is as follows: Monthly precipitation is t he summation of daily precipitation of a month. Annual precipitation is the summation of 12 months p recipitation of a year. Sunshine Hours refer to the actual hours ofsun irradiating the earth. The calculation method is the same as t hat of the precipitation
综合 General Survey
21 二 综合 General Survey