VIIIPREFACENewProblems.There are approximately30%,or about 430 problemsadded tothis edition,whichinvolveapplicationstomanydifferentfieldsof engineering..New ReviewProblems.Updated review problems have been placed attheend of each chapter so that instructors can assign them as additionalpreparationforexams.CONTENTSThe subject matter is organized into14 chapters.Chapter1 begins withareviewoftheimportantconceptsof statics,followedbyaformaldefinition of both normal and shear stress,and a discussion of normalstress in axially loaded members and averageshear stress caused bydirect shearIn Chapter 2normal and shear strain aredefined, and in Chapter 3 adiscussion of some of the importantmechanical properties ofmaterialsis given. Separate treatments of axial load, torsion, and bending arepresented in Chapters 4,5,and 6,respectively. In each of these chapters,both linear-elastic and plastic behavior of thematerial covered intheprevious chapters,where the state of stress results from combinedloadings. In Chapter 9 the concepts for transforming multiaxial statesof stress are presented. In a similar manner, Chapter 10 discusses themethods for straintransformation,includingtheapplication of varioustheories of failure.Chapter1l provides a meansfor a further summaryand review of previous material by covering design applications ofbeams and shafts.In Chapter 12 various methodsfor computingdeflections of beams and shafts are covered.Also included is adiscussion for finding the reactions on thesemembersif they arestaticallyindeterminate.Chapter13provides a discussion of columnbuckling, and lastly, in Chapter 14 the problem of impact and theapplication of various energy methods for computing deflectionsare considered.Sectionsofthebookthatcontainmoreadvancedmaterial areindicatedbya star (*).Timepermitting,some of thesetopicsmaybeincluded inthe course.Furthermore, this material provides a suitable reference forbasicprinciples when it is covered in other courses,and it can beused asabasisforassigningspecialprojects
viii Preface • New Problems. There are approximately 30%, or about 430 problems added to this edition, which involve applications to many different fields of engineering. • New Review Problems. Updated review problems have been placed at the end of each chapter so that instructors can assign them as additional preparation for exams. CONTENTS The subject matter is organized into 14 chapters. Chapter 1 begins with a review of the important concepts of statics, followed by a formal definition of both normal and shear stress, and a discussion of normal stress in axially loaded members and average shear stress caused by direct shear. In Chapter 2 normal and shear strain are defined, and in Chapter 3 a discussion of some of the important mechanical properties of materials is given. Separate treatments of axial load, torsion, and bending are presented in Chapters 4, 5, and 6, respectively. In each of these chapters, both linear-elastic and plastic behavior of the material covered in the previous chapters, where the state of stress results from combined loadings. In Chapter 9 the concepts for transforming multiaxial states of stress are presented. In a similar manner, Chapter 10 discusses the methods for strain transformation, including the application of various theories of failure. Chapter 11 provides a means for a further summary and review of previous material by covering design applications of beams and shafts. In Chapter 12 various methods for computing deflections of beams and shafts are covered. Also included is a discussion for finding the reactions on these members if they are statically indeterminate. Chapter 13 provides a discussion of column buckling, and lastly, in Chapter 14 the problem of impact and the application of various energy methods for computing deflections are considered. Sections of the book that contain more advanced material are indicated by a star (*). Time permitting, some of these topics may be included in the course. Furthermore, this material provides a suitable reference for basic principles when it is covered in other courses, and it can be used as a basis for assigning special projects
IXPREFACEAlternative Method of Coverage.Some instructors prefer tocover stress and strain transformationsfirst, beforediscussing specificapplications of axial load,torsion,bending,and shear.Onepossiblemethod fordoing this would befirstto coverstress and itstransformation, Chapter1and Chapter 9,followed by strain and itstransformation, Chapter2 andthefirstpart of Chapter 10.Thediscussionandexampleproblemsintheselaterchaptershavebeenstyled so that this is possible. Also, the problem sets have beensubdivided sothat thismaterial canbecoveredwithoutpriorknowledgeof the intervening chapters.Chapters 3 through 8 can then be coveredwithno lossincontinuityHALLMARKELEMENTSOrganization and Approach.The contents of each chapter areorganized into well-defined sections that containan explanation ofspecific topics, illustrative example problems, and a set of homeworkproblems.The topics within each section are placed into subgroupsdefinedby titles.Thepurpose of this is topresent a structured method forintroducing each new definition or concept and to make the bookconvenientforlaterreferenceandreview.ChapterContents.Eachchapterbegins withafull-page illustrationthat indicates abroad-range application of thematerial within thechapter.The"Chapter Objectives"arethenprovided togiveageneral overviewof the material that will be covered.Procedures for Analysis.Found after many of the sections of thebook,this uniquefeatureprovides thestudentwith alogical and orderlymethod tofollow when applying the theory.The example problems aresolved using this outlined method in order to clarify its numericalapplication.It is to beunderstood,however,that once the relevantprinciples have beenmasteredandenough confidence and judgment havebeen obtained,the student can then develophis or her own proceduresfor solvingproblems.Photographs. Many photographs are used throughout the book toenhance conceptual understanding and explain how the principles ofmechanics of materials apply to real-world situations
Preface ix Alternative Method of Coverage. Some instructors prefer to cover stress and strain transformations first, before discussing specific applications of axial load, torsion, bending, and shear. One possible method for doing this would be first to cover stress and its transformation, Chapter 1 and Chapter 9, followed by strain and its transformation, Chapter 2 and the first part of Chapter 10. The discussion and example problems in these later chapters have been styled so that this is possible. Also, the problem sets have been subdivided so that this material can be covered without prior knowledge of the intervening chapters. Chapters 3 through 8 can then be covered with no loss in continuity. HALLMARK ELEMENTS Organization and Approach. The contents of each chapter are organized into well-defined sections that contain an explanation of specific topics, illustrative example problems, and a set of homework problems. The topics within each section are placed into subgroups defined by titles. The purpose of this is to present a structured method for introducing each new definition or concept and to make the book convenient for later reference and review. Chapter Contents. Each chapter begins with a full-page illustration that indicates a broad-range application of the material within the chapter. The “Chapter Objectives” are then provided to give a general overview of the material that will be covered. Procedures for Analysis. Found after many of the sections of the book, this unique feature provides the student with a logical and orderly method to follow when applying the theory. The example problems are solved using this outlined method in order to clarify its numerical application. It is to be understood, however, that once the relevant principles have been mastered and enough confidence and judgment have been obtained, the student can then develop his or her own procedures for solving problems. Photographs. Many photographs are used throughout the book to enhance conceptual understanding and explain how the principles of mechanics of materials apply to real-world situations
XPREFACEImportantPoints.Thisfeatureprovidesa reviewor summaryofthemost important concepts in a section and highlights the most significantpointsthat shouldberealizedwhen applyingthetheoryto solveproblems.ExampleProblems.All the exampleproblems arepresented inaconcise manner and in a style that is easy to understand.Homework Problems.Apartfrom ofthepreliminary,fundamental,andconceptualproblems,therearenumerous standardproblemsinthebookthatdepictrealistic situationsencountered inengineeringpractice.Itishopedthatthisrealismwillbothstimulatethestudent'sinterestinthe subjectandprovide ameans for developingtheskill toreduce anysuchproblemfromitsphysicaldescriptiontoamodelorasymbolicrepresentation to which principles may be applied.Throughout thebook there is an approximatebalanceof problems using eitherSI orFPS units.Furthermore,inany set,an attempt has beenmadeto arrangetheproblems inorder of increasingdifficulty.Theanswerstoallbuteveryfourthproblemarelisted intheback of thebook.Toalert theusertoaproblemwithoutareported answer,anasterisk(*)isplacedbeforetheproblemnumber.Answersarereportedtothreesignificantfigures, even though the data for material properties may be knownwithlessaccuracy.Althoughthismightappeartobeapoorpractice,itisdonesimplytobeconsistent,andtoallowthestudent abetterchanceto validatehis orher solution.Appendices.The appendicesof the book providea sourceforreviewand a listing of tabulardata.AppendixAprovides information on thecentroid and the moment of inertia of an area.Appendices B and C listtabular datafor structural shapes,and thedeflection and slopesofvarioustypes ofbeams and shafts.Accuracy Checking.The Tenth Edition has undergone a rigorousTripleAccuracyCheckingreview.Inadditionto the author's reviewof allartpieces and pages,thetext was checked by thefollowing individuals·Scott Hendricks, VirginiaPolytechnicUniversityKarimNohra,Universityof SouthFlorida·Kurt Norlin,BittnerDevelopmentGroupKaiBengYap,EngineeringConsultant
x Preface Important Points. This feature provides a review or summary of the most important concepts in a section and highlights the most significant points that should be realized when applying the theory to solve problems. Example Problems. All the example problems are presented in a concise manner and in a style that is easy to understand. Homework Problems. Apart from of the preliminary, fundamental, and conceptual problems, there are numerous standard problems in the book that depict realistic situations encountered in engineering practice. It is hoped that this realism will both stimulate the student’s interest in the subject and provide a means for developing the skill to reduce any such problem from its physical description to a model or a symbolic representation to which principles may be applied. Throughout the book there is an approximate balance of problems using either SI or FPS units. Furthermore, in any set, an attempt has been made to arrange the problems in order of increasing difficulty. The answers to all but every fourth problem are listed in the back of the book. To alert the user to a problem without a reported answer, an asterisk (*) is placed before the problem number. Answers are reported to three significant figures, even though the data for material properties may be known with less accuracy. Although this might appear to be a poor practice, it is done simply to be consistent, and to allow the student a better chance to validate his or her solution. Appendices. The appendices of the book provide a source for review and a listing of tabular data. Appendix A provides information on the centroid and the moment of inertia of an area. Appendices B and C list tabular data for structural shapes, and the deflection and slopes of various types of beams and shafts. Accuracy Checking. The Tenth Edition has undergone a rigorous Triple Accuracy Checking review. In addition to the author’s review of all art pieces and pages, the text was checked by the following individuals: • Scott Hendricks, Virginia Polytechnic University • Karim Nohra, University of South Florida • Kurt Norlin, Bittner Development Group • Kai Beng Yap, Engineering Consultant
XIPREFACEACKNOWLEDGMENTSOvertheyears,thistexthasbeenshapedbythesuggestionsandcommentsofmanyofmycolleaguesintheteachingprofession.Theirencouragementandwillingnesstoprovideconstructivecriticismareverymuchappreciatedand it is hoped that they will accept this anonymous recognition. A noteof thanks is given to thereviewers.S.Apple,Arkansas Tech UniversityA.Bazar,UniversityofCalifornia,FullertonM.Hughes, Auburn UniversityR.Jackson,AuburnUniversityE. Tezak, Aifred State CollegeH.Zhao,ClemsonUniversityThereare afewpeople that Ifeel deserveparticular recognition.A long-time friend and associate, Kai Beng Yap, was of great help to me inpreparingtheproblem solutions.A special noteof thanks alsogoestoKurt Norlin in this regard.During theproductionprocessI amthankfulfor theassistance of RoseKernan,myproduction editor for manyyears,and tomywife, Conny,for her helpin proofreading and typing,that wasneeded topreparethemanuscriptforpublication.Iwould alsoliketothankallmystudentswhohaveusedthepreviousedition and havemade commentstoimproveits contents; includingallthose in the teaching profession who have taken the time to e-mail metheir comments, but in particular G.H.Nazari.I would greatly appreciate hearing from you if at any time you haveany comments or suggestions regarding the contents of this editionRussell Charles Hibbelerhibbeler@bellsouth.net
Preface xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Over the years, this text has been shaped by the suggestions and comments of many of my colleagues in the teaching profession. Their encouragement and willingness to provide constructive criticism are very much appreciated and it is hoped that they will accept this anonymous recognition. A note of thanks is given to the reviewers. S. Apple, Arkansas Tech University A. Bazar, University of California, Fullerton M. Hughes, Auburn University R. Jackson, Auburn University E. Tezak, Alfred State College H. Zhao, Clemson University There are a few people that I feel deserve particular recognition. A longtime friend and associate, Kai Beng Yap, was of great help to me in preparing the problem solutions. A special note of thanks also goes to Kurt Norlin in this regard. During the production process I am thankful for the assistance of Rose Kernan, my production editor for many years, and to my wife, Conny, for her help in proofreading and typing, that was needed to prepare the manuscript for publication. I would also like to thank all my students who have used the previous edition and have made comments to improve its contents; including all those in the teaching profession who have taken the time to e-mail me their comments, but in particular G. H. Nazari. I would greatly appreciate hearing from you if at any time you have any comments or suggestions regarding the contents of this edition. Russell Charles Hibbeler hibbeler@bellsouth.net
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