The History of Risk at EPA ● 1976年美国国家环保局(U.S.EPA)首先公布了可疑 致癌物的风险评价准则，提出了有毒化学品的致 癌风险评价方法； ●在对农药的致癌风险研究中提出：对健康数据的 分析应独立于对生态影响的分析
l 1976年美国国家环保局(U.S. EPA)首先公布了可疑 致癌物的风险评价准则，提出了有毒化学品的致 癌风险评价方法； l 在对农药的致癌风险研究中提出：对健康数据的 分析应独立于对生态影响的分析。 The History of Risk at EPA
The History of Risk at EPA ●1983年美国国家科学院 (NAS)出版 的红皮书《联邦政府的风险评价：管 理程序》提出风险评价“四步法”， "Red Book" 成为环境风险评价的指导性文件。 ● 美国国家环保局(US EPA)建立综合 风险信息系统(IRIS)毒性数据库， 包含了环境中各种化学物质的毒理学 数据。 Risk Assessment “红皮书”发布后，美国EPA据此制 in the Federal Government: 定并颁布了一系列技术性文件、准则 Managing the Progress 和指南，并不断更新。 NAS NAE IO
l 1983年美国国家科学院（NAS）出版 的红皮书 《联邦政府的风险评价: 管 理程序》提出风险评价 “四步法” ， 成为环境风险评价的指导性文件。 l 美国国家环保局（US EPA）建立 综合 风险信息系统（IRIS）毒性数据库， 包含了环境中各种化学物质的毒理学 数据。 l “红皮书”发布后，美国EPA据此制 定并颁布了一系列技术性文件、 准则 和指南，并不断更新。 “Red Book” The History of Risk at EPA
整合风险信息、象统(IRIS) Integrated Risk Information System IRIS is a human health assessment program that evaluates information on health effects that may result from exposure to environmental contaminants. ·包含了550余种化学物质的致癌效应与非致癌效应毒理 学数据。 -非致癌效应（有阈物质） 参考剂量/浓度RfDs/RfCs -致癌效应：致癌强度分类以及致癌强度系数
整合风险信息系统 (IRIS) Integrated Risk Information System l IRIS is a human health assessment program that evaluates information on health effects that may result from exposure to environmental contaminants. l 包含了 550 余种化学物质的致癌效应与非致癌效应毒理 学数据。 – 非致癌效应（有阈物质） 参考剂量/浓度 RfDs/RfCs – 致癌效应：致癌强度分类以及致癌强度系数
Guidance Major EPA-Wide Risk Assessment Guidelines Guidelines for Chemical Mixtures Risk Assessment(1986) Guidelines for Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment(1991) Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment(1998) .Guidelines for Exposure Assessment(1992) Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (2005) Supplemental Guidance for Assessing Susceptibility from Early-Life Exposure to Carcinogens(2005) Guidelines for Microbial Risk Assessment(2012) Guidelines for Microbial Risk Assessment:Pathogenic Microorganisms With Focus on Food and Water(2012) Guidelines for Mutagenicity Risk Assessment(1986) Guidelines for Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment(1998 Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment (1996) http://www.epa.gov/
http://www.epa.gov/
Other EPA-wide policies,principles risk assessment guidance Alpha2u-Globulin:Association with Chemically Induced Renal Toxicity and Neoplasia in the Male Rat(1991) A Review of the Reference Dose and Reference Concentration Processes(2002) Assessment of Thyroid Follicular Cell Tumors(1998) Assessment Factors for Evaluating the Quality of Scientific and Technical Information(2003) Benchmark Dose Technical Guidance(2012) Considerations for Developing a Dosimetry-Based Cumulative Risk Assessment Approach for Mixtures of Environmental Contaminants(2009) Cumulative Health Risk Assessment of Multiple Chemicals,Exposures,and Effects:A Resource Document(2008) Cumulative Risk Planning Scoping Guidance(1997) EPA's Strategic Plan for Evaluating the Toxicity of Chemicals(2009) EPA Scientific Integrity Policies(2012) Exploration of Aging and Toxic Response (2001) Exploration of Perinatal Pharmacokinetic Issues (2001) Exposure Factors Handbook Highlights of the Exposure Factors Handbook(2011) Framework for Application of the Toxicity Equivalence Methodology for Polychlorinated Dioxins,Furans,and Biphenyls in Ecological Risk Assessment(2008) Framework for Cumulative Risk Assessment(2003) Framework for Developing Suspended and Bedded Sediment(SABS)Water Quality Criteria(2006) Framework for the Economic Assessment of Ecological Benefits (2002) Framework for Human Health Risk Assessment to Inform Decision Making (2014) http://www.epa.gov/
http://www.epa.gov/