TheSolarAtmosphere太阳大气4000日冕层To corona(wy)Only visible during3000solareclipses只有日食时ooiea能看见2000Chromosphere色球层热流1000Apparentsurfaceofthesun可视的太阳表面Photosphere光球层O100010,000100,0001,000,000Temperature (K)Temp. incr.inward温度向内增Solar interior加太阳内部
The Solar Atmosphere 太阳大气 Only visible during solar eclipses 只有日食时 能看见 Apparent surface of the sun 可视的太阳表面 Heat Flow Solar interior 太阳内部 Temp. incr. inward 温度向内增 加 光球层 色球层 日冕层 热 流
The Chromosphere色球Regionof sun'satmospherejustabovethephotosphere.Visible,UV紫外，andX-raylinesfromhighlyionized gasesTemperature increases graduallyfr0m=4500Kto=10.000K,thenFllamentsjumps to = 1 million K4000Tocaronun)3000Transition region2000ChromosphereLEChromosphericstructures visible皇1000inHαemission(filtergram)Photosphere100010,0001.000.000100,000Temperature (K)
The Chromosphere色球 Chromospheric structures visible in Ha emission (filtergram) • Region of sun’s atmosphere just above the photosphere. • Visible, UV紫外, and X-ray lines from highly ionized gases • Temperature increases gradually from ≈ 4500 K to ≈ 10,000 K, then jumps to ≈ 1 million K Transition region Filaments
The Layers of the Solar Atmosphere太阳大气分层SunspotUltravioletVisibleRegions紫外线可见光黑子区域i9Photosphere光球层Corona日冕Chromosphere色球层Coronalactivity,seeninvisiblelight可见光的日冕活动
The Layers of the Solar Atmosphere 太阳大气分层 Visible 可见光 Ultraviolet 紫外线 Sunspot Regions 黑子区域 Coronal activity, seen in visible light 可见光的日冕活动 Photosphere 光球层 Chromosphere色球层 Corona 日冕
Coronal activity, seen in visible light可见光的日冕活动（视频）1999/08/01.00:18物质抛射
Coronal activity, seen in visible light 可见光的日冕活动（视频） 物质抛射
Helioseismology日震The solarinterioris opaque(i.e.it absorbs light)out tothe photosphere太阳内部是不透明的Onlywaytoinvestigate solarinterioristhroughhelioseismology唯一研究太阳内部的方法是通过日震=analysisofvibrationpatternsvisibleonthesolarsurface分析表面接受到的震动的模式Approx.10millionwavepatterns!有1000万种模式
Helioseismology 日震 The solar interior is opaque (i.e. it absorbs light) out to the photosphere. 太阳内部是不透明的 Only way to investigate solar interior is through helioseismology 唯一研究太阳内部的方法 是通过日震 = analysis of vibration patterns visible on the solar surface 分析表面接受到的震动的 模式 Approx. 10 million wave patterns! 有1000万种模式