CYTOSOLPLASTIDStorage,StarchphloemtransportSucroseGlycolysisPentosePentosephosphatephosphatepathwaypathwayHexose-pHexose-pPentose-pPentose-pTriose-PTriose-PCO2NADPHCO2NADPHPhotosynthesisOrganicacidsStorageATPNADHATP福MITOCHONDRIONNADHCitricOxidativeFADH2acidphosphorylationcycleCO2O2LipidbreakdownFigure 4-1
Figure 4-1
(A)InitialphaseofglycolysisSubstratesfromdifferentsourcesarechanneiedintotriosephosphate.oreachmoleculeofsucrosethatismetabolizedfourmoleculesoftriosephosphateareformed.TheSucroseCYTOSOLprocessrequiresaninputofuptoaATpUDPPLASTIDinvertaseGlycolysisSucrose svnthaseStarchStarch+phosphorytaseAmylaseGlucoseFructoseUDP-GlucosePHPPUDP-GiucaseATPATPGlucose-1-pGlucosepyrophosphorylaseHexokinaseHexokinaseUTPATPPhosphoGlucose-1-pADPCADPVGlucosegluco.ADPYtphosphoglucomutasekinasemutaseGlucose-6-pFructose-6-1-Glucose-6-pGlucose-6-PHexoseAMYLOPLASTSHexoseHexosephosphatesphosphatephosphatesomeraseisomerasePPATPATp-dependentpp-dependentphosphofructokinasephosphofructokinaseCADPPFructose-1,6-bisphosphateAldolaseCHLOROPLASTSTrioseTrioseGlyceraldehyde-DihydroxyacetonephosphatesTriosephosphatephosphates3-phosphateohoshatesomerase?NAD+Eneray-conservingphaseofgiycoysisGiyceraldehyde.NADHTriose phosphateisconvertedtopyruvate3-phosphatedehydrogenaseNADisreduced toNADHby giyceraldehyde-1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate-phosphatedehydrogenase.ATpissynthesizedinthereactionscatalyzedbyADEDosphoglyceratekinaseandpyruvateDphosphogiycerate kinasekinase.Anaiternativeendproduct,ATPphosphoenolpyruvate,canbeconvertedtomalateforrnitochondrialoxidation;NADH3-Phosphoglyceratecan bereoxidized during fermentationbyeither lactatedehydrogenase oralcoholphosphoglycerate mutasedehydrogenase.2-PhosphoglycerateEnolaseHCO.H2OPEp.carboxylasephosphoenolpyruvateOxaloacetate?CADPNADHPMalatepyruvatekinasedehydrogenaseNAD+XATPPyruvateMalateNADHLactatedehydrogenasecONAD+LactateTOPyruvateFigure 4-2MITOCHONDRIONdecarboxylaseAcetaldehydeNADHAlcoholdehydrogenaseNAD?FermentationEthanolroctions
Figure 4-2
(A)(B)IntermembranespaceOutermembraneInnermembraneADPATP-HSSMatrixFIGURE1.15(A)Diagrammaticrepresentationofamitochondrion,including thelocation ofthe H+-ATPasesinvolvedinATPsynthesis ontheinnermembraneFigure 4-3(B)Anelectronmicrographofmitochondria fromaleaf cellofBermudagrass,Cynodondactylon.(26,oo0x)(PhotobyS.E.Frederick,courtesyofE.H.Newcomb.)
Figure 4-3
0OnMalicenzymePyruvateCH.decarboxylatesmalatetoOHpyruvateand enablesplantmitochondriatoCoANADOxidize malate,PyruvateNADHdehydrogenase-CO2OAcetyi-CoACHCOAoONADHCitrateONADH-synthaseHMalateCHCOACH2Malicdehydrogenase儿HenzymeoOHCO2NAD+OxaloacetateCitrateNAD+OHAconitaseCHO0OHMalateAFumaraseCH.OHOCitricOCH2IsocitrateIUacid-FumarateOcycleOHOTOFADHZNADSuccinatedehydrogenaseIsocitratedehydrogenaseFADNADHoSuccinate2-OxoglutarateCO2HHOHC-OCHCH2COA0OoCOAATPSuccinyl-CoAADPSuccinyl-CoA synthetaseOONADH,OCHCHZ-OxoglutaratedehydrogenaseOnemoleculeofATpissynthesizedbyasubstrateCOANADHcO.levelphosphorylationduring thereactioncatalyzedbysuccinyl-CoAsynthetase.Figure 4-4FiGURE11.6Reactions and enzymes of theplant citric acid cycle.Pyruvateiscompletely oxidized tothreemoleculesof COa.Theelectrons released duringthese oxidations areused toreducefourmolecules ofNAD+toNADHandonemoleculeofFADtoFADHat
Figure 4-4
Theoribulose-5-phosphatesNADpHisaeneratedinthefirstconverted to the glycolytictworeactionsofthepathwayintermediatesfructose-owhere alucose-6-phosphateisphosphate anctglyceraldehyde-3.oxidizedtoribulose-siphosphatephosphatthrauhaseriesotThesereactionsarossentiallymetabolelnterconversions.Thoserroversiiereactions are freeiyroversible,CHCRibulose--phosphateSHpentosophosphatepentosephosphateHMCepimerasieisomeraseHOH--Glucose-G-phosphateCHOHCHNADPEGlucose-e--OHCOHCphosphateNADPHdehydrogenaseHOCHHCOHCOOHHCOHHCOHHCOHCHO-DCHOHOCHXylulose-s-phosphateRibose-s-phosphate.HCOHTransketolaseHCOHCH.OH?CH,OCHOOG-phosphogluconateNADPEHCOHHOCHco.NADPHCHao-PHCOHGtuconate-6.phosphateGiyceraldahyde-CHOHHCOHdehydrogenase-phosphateCHCOHHCOHCHOPSedoheptuloseHCOH7-phosphateCH,OPRibulose-S-phosphateTransaldolaseCHOCH,OHHCOHOHCOHHOCHHoxosephosphateHCOHCHOPisomneraseErythroseHCOHa-phosphatePranskotoiaseCHO-Pructosie-G-phosphate?CHOHCOHCH.OPGtyceraldehyde-Figure 4-53-phosphateReactionsoftheoxidativepontosephosphateFIGURE11.4Ephosphate.higherplants,pathwayin
Figure 4-5