第一单元 Environmental Interrelationships(概论) 教学大纲要求 1.教学内容 (1)环境的范畴( The field of environmental science (2)环境问题的相互关联性( The Interrelated Nature of environmental prob|ems (3)环境与生态系统( An Ecosystem Approach) (4)环境问题( Regional Environmental Concerns) 2.教学要求 (1)了解环境科学的学科体系 (2)了解环境问题的相互关联性 (3)了解生态系统方法在环境分析中的应用。 本单元授课计划 总授课时间:4学时(2次授课) 1.第1次课(2学时) (1)课程介绍:包括课程整体内容、总授课计划、双语教学方式、学习要求等; (2)“环境学"的概念、学习的目的和任务等。 2.第2次课(2学时) (1)按照教学大纲的要求,讲授第一单元的内容 (2)就环境学的基本概念以及环境问题的相互关联性开展课堂讨论 本单元重点与难点 1. The field of environmental science(环境科学的领域) Environmental Science is interdisciplinary, and includes both applied and theoretical knowledge.(跨学科;应用科学+理论科学) Environmental Science incorporates scientific aspects of ecology, conservation geography, etc, with inputs from social sciences such as economics, sociology and political science.(自然科学十社会科学)
1 第一单元 Environmental Interrelationships(概论) 教学大纲要求 1. 教学内容: (1)环境的范畴 (The Field of Environmental Science) (2)环境问题的相互关联性 (The Interrelated Nature of Environmental Problems) (3)环境与生态系统 (An Ecosystem Approach) (4)环境问题 (Regional Environmental Concerns) 2. 教学要求: (1)了解环境科学的学科体系; (2)了解环境问题的相互关联性; (3)了解生态系统方法在环境分析中的应用。 本单元授课计划 总授课时间:4 学时(2 次授课) 1. 第 1 次课(2 学时) (1)课程介绍:包括课程整体内容、总授课计划、双语教学方式、学习要求等; (2)“环境学”的概念、学习的目的和任务等。 2. 第 2 次课(2 学时) (1)按照教学大纲的要求,讲授第一单元的内容; (2)就环境学的基本概念以及环境问题的相互关联性开展课堂讨论。 本单元重点与难点 1. The Field of Environmental Science(环境科学的领域) • Environmental Science is interdisciplinary, and includes both applied and theoretical knowledge.(跨学科;应用科学+理论科学) • Environmental Science incorporates scientific aspects of ecology, conservation, geography, etc., with inputs from social sciences such as economics, sociology and political science.(自然科学+社会科学)
The field of environmental science involves an understanding of scientific principles, economic influences, and political action.(科学+经济学+政治 学) 2. nterrelated Nature of environmental problems(环境问题的相互关联性) Environment is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime Understood to infer surrounding conditions that affect people and other organisms.(生物过程:出生→死亡;环境:影响生物的整个生命历程) Most social and political decisions are made with respect to political boundaries and jurisdictions. But environmental problems rarely coincide with these boundaries.(社会与政治决策有行政边界;环境问题边界不同于行政边界) Because of the magnitude of these problems international agencies such as the International Joint Commission have had the major bearing on environmental quality over broad regions.(环境问题是世界性问题) 3. An Ecosystem Approach(环境与生态系统) Ecosystem: Region in which the organisms and the physical environment form an interacting unit.(生态系统:生物与环境相互作用的单元系统) The task of an Environmental Scientist is to recognize and understand natural interactions within our environment, and integrate these with the uses humans must make of the natural world.(生态系统中的相互作用:包括环境中的自然作 用,以及人类对环境的利用) 4.本单元要点的归纳: 环境问题是跨越国界的世界性问题; 人们对环境问题的认识存在多方面的差异 环境问题归根结底是人的问题 作业与习题要求
2 • The field of environmental science involves an understanding of scientific principles, economic influences, and political action.(科学 + 经济学 + 政治 学) 2. Interrelated Nature of Environmental Problems(环境问题的相互关联性) • “Environment” is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime. Understood to infer surrounding conditions that affect people and other organisms.(生物过程:出生→死亡;环境:影响生物的整个生命历程) • Most social and political decisions are made with respect to political boundaries and jurisdictions. But environmental problems rarely coincide with these boundaries.(社会与政治决策有行政边界;环境问题边界不同于行政边界) • Because of the magnitude of these problems, international agencies such as the International Joint Commission have had the major bearing on environmental quality over broad regions.(环境问题是世界性问题) 3. An Ecosystem Approach(环境与生态系统) • Ecosystem: Region in which the organisms and the physical environment form an interacting unit.(生态系统:生物与环境相互作用的单元系统) • The task of an Environmental Scientist is to recognize and understand natural interactions within our environment, and integrate these with the uses humans must make of the natural world.(生态系统中的相互作用:包括环境中的自然作 用,以及人类对环境的利用) 4. 本单元要点的归纳: 环境问题是跨越国界的世界性问题; 人们对环境问题的认识存在多方面的差异; 环境问题归根结底是人的问题。 作业与习题要求
本单元是“环境学的概述,不设置专门的习题,但布置一定量的思考题,让学生结合 本单元教材内容进行思考,淮备答案,下一次课进行课堂讨论
3 本单元是“环境学”的概述,不设置专门的习题,但布置一定量的思考题,让学生结合 本单元教材内容进行思考,准备答案,下一次课进行课堂讨论
第二单元 Decision Making and Sustainable Development(环境决策与可持续发展) 教学大纲要求 1.教学内容 (1)环境风险问题( Measuring Risk) (2)经济与环境( Economics and the environment) (3)环境与可持续发展(在教材的基础上增加部分内容)( Sustainable Development) 2.教学要求 (1)了解环境风险的概念,并明确以环境风险评价为基础的环境决策过程 (2)明确经济发展与环境的相互制约关系; (3)深入领会可持续发展的基本概念,明确环境可持续性与经济发展之间的关系 本单元授课计划 总授课时间:4学时(2次授课) 1.第1次课(2学时) (1)环境风险的基本概念:包括风险的定义、与环境风险相关的主要学术术语、环 境风险量化和评价的必要性及意义 (2)环境风险评价方法:包括风险评价的范畴、一般方法的概要、风险评价与风险 管理的关系等 (3)环境问题和环境风险的经济学分析:包括环境与资源的关系、环境与经济的关 系、环境污染的经济代价、环境保护的经济投入等 2.第2次课(2学时) (1)可持续发展的基本概念:包括可持续发展的定义、可持续发展概念的产生和发 展过程、与可持续发展相关的国际条约、环境与可持续发展的关系等 (2)与可持续发展相关的经济学原理:包括可持续发展的经济学特征、以可持续发 展为目标的经济决策等 (3)就本单元教学内容开展课堂讨论。 本单元重点与难点 uring Risk(风险计量)
4 第二单元Decision Making and Sustainable Development(环境决策与可持续发展) 教学大纲要求 1. 教学内容: (1)环境风险问题 (Measuring Risk) (2)经济与环境 (Economics and the Environment) (3)环境与可持续发展(在教材的基础上增加部分内容)(Sustainable Development) 2. 教学要求: (1)了解环境风险的概念,并明确以环境风险评价为基础的环境决策过程; (2)明确经济发展与环境的相互制约关系; (3)深入领会可持续发展的基本概念,明确环境可持续性与经济发展之间的关系。 本单元授课计划 总授课时间:4 学时(2 次授课) 1. 第 1 次课(2 学时) (1)环境风险的基本概念:包括风险的定义、与环境风险相关的主要学术术语、环 境风险量化和评价的必要性及意义; (2)环境风险评价方法:包括风险评价的范畴、一般方法的概要、风险评价与风险 管理的关系等; (3)环境问题和环境风险的经济学分析:包括环境与资源的关系、环境与经济的关 系、环境污染的经济代价、环境保护的经济投入等。 2. 第 2 次课(2 学时) (1)可持续发展的基本概念:包括可持续发展的定义、可持续发展概念的产生和发 展过程、与可持续发展相关的国际条约、环境与可持续发展的关系等; (2)与可持续发展相关的经济学原理:包括可持续发展的经济学特征、以可持续发 展为目标的经济决策等; (3)就本单元教学内容开展课堂讨论。 本单元重点与难点 1. Measuring Risk(风险计量)
Two primary factors in most decisions: (1) Risk: how likely is it that something will happen?(2)cost: what is the cost of this course of action?(风险:事件发生的可 能性:代价:采取行动所付出的代价) Risk analysis involves defining a mathematical probability relating the likelihood of an event( adverse effect).(风险分析:可能性的数学分析) 2 Risk analysis and Decision Makin(风险分析与决策) ?风险分析的目的:决策 Decision-Making Process: The assessment, cost, and consequences of risks are all important to the decision- making process.(决策过程:通过风险量化和结果预 测来决策) 3 Risk Assessment(风险评价) Environmental risk assessment uses facts and assumptions to estimate probability of harm to human health or the environment resulting from exposure to pollutants, toxins, or management decisions.(环境风险评价:定量估价人体健 康或环境的危害程度) Risk assessment is also being used to help set regulating priorities and supporting regulatory action.(风险评价有助于科学制定规范与标准) 4. Risk Management(风险管理) Risk Management: A decision-making process that includes: (1) Assigning priorities to different risks; (2) Determining necessary funding to reduce risks to an acceptable level; (3 )Deciding where greatest benefit will be realized from limited funds; (4)Determining acceptable level of risk; and(5)Planning enforcement, and monitoring.(风险管理:优先度、可接受风险程度…… Politics of risk management frequently focus on adequacy of supporting scientific evidence.(科学依据的充实度)
5 • Two primary factors in most decisions: (1) Risk: how likely is it that something will happen? (2) Cost: what is the cost of this course of action?(风险:事件发生的可 能性;代价:采取行动所付出的代价) • Risk analysis involves defining a mathematical probability relating the likelihood of an event (adverse effect).(风险分析:可能性的数学分析) 2. Risk Analysis and Decision Making(风险分析与决策) ? 风险分析的目的:决策 • Decision-Making Process: The assessment, cost, and consequences of risks are all important to the decision-making process.(决策过程:通过风险量化和结果预 测来决策) 3. Risk Assessment(风险评价) • Environmental risk assessment uses facts and assumptions to estimate probability of harm to human health or the environment resulting from exposure to pollutants, toxins, or management decisions.(环境风险评价:定量估价人体健 康或环境的危害程度) • Risk assessment is also being used to help set regulating priorities and supporting regulatory action.(风险评价有助于科学制定规范与标准) 4. Risk Management(风险管理) • Risk Management: A decision-making process that includes: (1) Assigning priorities to different risks; (2) Determining necessary funding to reduce risks to an acceptable level; (3) Deciding where greatest benefit will be realized from limited funds; (4) Determining acceptable level of risk; and (5) Planning, enforcement, and monitoring.(风险管理:优先度、可接受风险程度……) • Politics of risk management frequently focus on adequacy of supporting scientific evidence.(科学依据的充实度)