Defining the extent of the problem helps determine the rest of the management process.(问题的范围与程度) · Below a certain risk threshold, action may be unnecessary.(风险的阈值) 5. True and perceived risks(真实风险与预计风险) People often overestimate frequency and seriousness of sensational causes of death, and underestimate risks from familiar causes.(过量估计死亡风险-过度轻 视常见风险) · Elimination of all risk is impossible.(不能期待所有风险都得以消除) An on-going dilemma is: Should the government spend the most money on areas with the greatest impact, or areas where the most people are upset? (XE E hE 否将多数人关注的风险作为管理的重点?) 6. Economics and the environment(经济与环境) Environmental problems are primarily economic problems. Economics deals with resource allocation.(环境问题的经济性:资源的分配) Economic Concepts: Economic good/ service is anything defined as scarce Resource is anything that contributes to making desired goods and services available.(资源-商品-稀缺性) Economic Concepts: Supply is the amount of the good/service available for purchase/consumption and demand is the amount of the good/service consumers are willing to buy at various prices.(“供”受来源的制约;“求"受购买意愿的影响) 7. Market-Based Instruments(MBs)(市场手段) Provide incentive for people and companies to reduce pollution by imposing costs on pollution- causing activities.(造成污染需要付出代价) Five basic categories: (1) Information Programs-Make clear the personal interests in pollution reduction; (2) Tradable Emissions Permits-Give companies the right to emit specified amounts of pollutants; (3)Emission Fees, Taxes
6 • Defining the extent of the problem helps determine the rest of the management process.（问题的范围与程度） • Below a certain risk threshold, action may be unnecessary.（风险的阈值） 5. True and Perceived Risks（真实风险与预计风险） • People often overestimate frequency and seriousness of sensational causes of death, and underestimate risks from familiar causes.（过量估计死亡风险–过度轻 视常见风险） • Elimination of all risk is impossible.（不能期待所有风险都得以消除） • An on-going dilemma is: Should the government spend the most money on areas with the greatest impact, or areas where the most people are upset?（难点：能 否将多数人关注的风险作为管理的重点？） 6. Economics and the Environment（经济与环境） • Environmental problems are primarily economic problems. Economics deals with resource allocation.（环境问题的经济性：资源的分配） • Economic Concepts: Economic good/service is anything defined as scarce. Resource is anything that contributes to making desired goods and services available.（资源–商品–稀缺性） • Economic Concepts: Supply is the amount of the good/service available for purchase/consumption and demand is the amount of the good/service consumers are willing to buy at various prices.（“供”受来源的制约；“求”受购买意愿的影响） 7. Market-Based Instruments (MBIs)（市场手段） • Provide incentive for people and companies to reduce pollution by imposing costs on pollution-causing activities.（造成污染需要付出代价） • Five basic categories: (1) Information Programs - Make clear the personal interests in pollution reduction; (2) Tradable Emissions Permits - Give companies the right to emit specified amounts of pollutants; (3) Emission Fees, Taxes
Charges-Make damaging activities more expensive; (4) Performance Bond Deposit-Refund-Place surcharge on price of products that is refunded upon return; (5)Subsidies-Monetary incentives designed to reduce product costs. (fi 种经济手段:信息系统、可交易的排污许可、排污费和罚款、行为契约/储蓄返 还、政府补助) 8. Extended Product Responsibility(EPR)(扩展的产品责任) Relies on implementation of life cycle analysis to identify opportunities to prevent pollution and reduce resource and energy use in each stage of the product chain (生命周期评价) The Life Cycle of a Typical Product:上游阶段(概念+原材料供应+生产加工) 中游阶段(销售+使用)十下游阶段(废品收集+处理+最终处置) 9. Cost-Benefit Analysis(投资-效益分析) Determine whether a policy generates more social costs than social benefits in four steps: (1)Identify the project; (2)Determination of all impacts; (3) Determination of the value of impacts;(4) Calculation of net benefit.(分析社会投 资与社会效益的关系:项目分析、影响因素分析、影响的量化、净效益计算) 10. Sustainable Development(可持续发展) Sustainable Development: meets present needs without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs.(满足现有需求而不牺牲子孙后代的 利益) Economics and Sustainable Development: Economic and environmental well beings are mutually reinforcing, and must be simultaneously pursued.(同时追求 经济和环境效益)
7 Charges - Make damaging activities more expensive; (4) Performance Bond / Deposit-Refund - Place surcharge on price of products that is refunded upon return; (5) Subsidies - Monetary incentives designed to reduce product costs.（五 种经济手段：信息系统、可交易的排污许可、排污费和罚款、行为契约/储蓄返 还、政府补助） 8. Extended Product Responsibility (EPR)（扩展的产品责任） • Relies on implementation of life cycle analysis to identify opportunities to prevent pollution and reduce resource and energy use in each stage of the product chain. （生命周期评价） • The Life Cycle of a Typical Product: 上游阶段（概念+原材料供应+生产加工）＋ 中游阶段（销售+使用）＋下游阶段（废品收集+处理+最终处置） 9. Cost-Benefit Analysis（投资-效益分析） • Determine whether a policy generates more social costs than social benefits in four steps: (1) Identify the project; (2) Determination of all impacts; (3) Determination of the value of impacts; (4) Calculation of net benefit.（分析社会投 资与社会效益的关系：项目分析、影响因素分析、影响的量化、净效益计算） 10.Sustainable Development（可持续发展） • Sustainable Development: meets present needs without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs.（满足现有需求而不牺牲子孙后代的 利益） • Economics and Sustainable Development: Economic and environmental wellbeings are mutually reinforcing, and must be simultaneously pursued.（同时追求 经济和环境效益）
Five Characteristics That Defines Sustainability: Renewability, Substitution interdependence, Adaptability, Institutional commitment.(可持续性:可再生、可 替代、相互依存、适应性、制度保障) 作业与习题要求 本单元布置一定量的思考题,让学生结合本单元教材内容进行思考,准备答案,下 次课进行课堂讨论。同时布置一定量的习题,作为课后作业
8 • Five Characteristics That Defines Sustainability: Renewability, Substitution, Interdependence, Adaptability, Institutional commitment.（可持续性：可再生、可 替代、相互依存、适应性、制度保障） 作业与习题要求 本单元布置一定量的思考题，让学生结合本单元教材内容进行思考，准备答案，下一 次课进行课堂讨论。同时布置一定量的习题，作为课后作业
第三单元 Environments, Organisms and Ecosystems(环境、生物与生态系统) 教学大纲要求 1.教学内容 (1)生态学概念( Ecological Concepts) (2)自然选择与进化原理( The role of natural selection and Evo|uton) 3)生物的相互作用关系( Kinds of Organism Interactions) (4)生物群落与生态系统( Community and Ecosystem Interactions (5)演替过程( Succession) 教学要求 (1)掌握环境中生物的生态结构、生物繁衍过程中的限制因子、生物栖息地以及生 境等概念 (2)明确生物的自然选择原则,了解生物进化过程的形式和特点; (3)明确生物间的捕食、竞争、共生等多种相互作用关系 (4)明确生态系统的概念,了解生态系统中生物群落的相互作用规律 (5)了解生态系统中的能量循环、物质循环过程以及食物链关系 (6)了解生态系统的一次进化、二次进化过程,掌握进化论和演替顶极的概念和原 本单元授课计划 总授课时间:6学时(3次授课) 1.第1次课(2学时) (1)生态系统的基本概念:包括基本专业术语、生态系统的构成、生态系统中生物 环境和非生物环境之间的关系等 (2)自然选择与进化原理:包括基本专业术语、自然选择过程的影响因子、进化过 程的类别 2.第2次课(2学时) (1)生物的相互作用关系:包括基本专业术语,生物间的竞争、捕食、共生等各种 相互作用关系的分析: (2)生物群落与生态系统:包括基本专业术语,生物群落与生态系统的相互作用关 系,生态系统中的能量流,食物链,生态系统中的物质循环等
9 第三单元Environments, Organisms and Ecosystems（环境、生物与生态系统） 教学大纲要求 1. 教学内容： （1）生态学概念 (Ecological Concepts) （2）自然选择与进化原理 (The Role of Natural Selection and Evolution) （3）生物的相互作用关系 (Kinds of Organism Interactions) （4）生物群落与生态系统 (Community and Ecosystem Interactions) （5）演替过程 (Succession) 2. 教学要求： （1）掌握环境中生物的生态结构、生物繁衍过程中的限制因子、生物栖息地以及生 境等概念； （2）明确生物的自然选择原则，了解生物进化过程的形式和特点； （3）明确生物间的捕食、竞争、共生等多种相互作用关系； （4）明确生态系统的概念，了解生态系统中生物群落的相互作用规律； （5）了解生态系统中的能量循环、物质循环过程以及食物链关系； （6）了解生态系统的一次进化、二次进化过程，掌握进化论和演替顶极的概念和原 理。 本单元授课计划 总授课时间：6 学时（3 次授课） 1. 第 1 次课（2 学时） （1）生态系统的基本概念：包括基本专业术语、生态系统的构成、生态系统中生物 环境和非生物环境之间的关系等； （2）自然选择与进化原理：包括基本专业术语、自然选择过程的影响因子、进化过 程的类别等。 2. 第 2 次课（2 学时） （1）生物的相互作用关系：包括基本专业术语，生物间的竞争、捕食、共生等各种 相互作用关系的分析； （2）生物群落与生态系统：包括基本专业术语，生物群落与生态系统的相互作用关 系，生态系统中的能量流，食物链，生态系统中的物质循环等
3.第3次课(2学时) (1)进化过程:包括基本专业术语,初级进化、二级进化过程的分析,生物演替顶 极,各种顶极生态系统。 (2)就本单元教学内容开展课堂讨论。 本单元重点与难点 1. Ecological Concepts(生态学概念) Ecology: Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their non living surroundings.(生态学:研究生物间相互作用以及生物与环境间的作用) · Environment: Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.(环境:生物 生命周期中的所有影响因素) imiting Factors: Any factor whose shortage or absence restricts species success.(限制因子:生物物种存在必不可少的因素) 2. Role of natural selection and evolution(自然选择和进化作用) Genes: Genes are distinct pieces of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)that determine the characteristics an individual displays.(基因:决定个体特征的DNA片段) Population: A population is considered to be all the organisms of the same kind found within a specific geographic region.(群落数:特定地理区域中同一类别生 物的总数) Species: A species is a population of all the organisms potentially capable of reproducing naturally among themselves and having offspring that also reproduce.(物种:具有繁衍能力的群落) 3. Natural Selection(自然选择) Natural Selection: Process that determines which individuals within a species will reproduce and pass their genes to the next generation.(自然选择:物种中具有 最强生存和繁衍能力的个体的选择)
10 3. 第 3 次课（2 学时） （1）进化过程：包括基本专业术语，初级进化、二级进化过程的分析，生物演替顶 极，各种顶极生态系统。 （2）就本单元教学内容开展课堂讨论。 本单元重点与难点 1. Ecological Concepts（生态学概念） • Ecology: Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings.（生态学：研究生物间相互作用以及生物与环境间的作用） • Environment: Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.（环境：生物 生命周期中的所有影响因素） • Limiting Factors: Any factor whose shortage or absence restricts species success.（限制因子：生物物种存在必不可少的因素） 2. Role of Natural Selection and Evolution（自然选择和进化作用） • Genes: Genes are distinct pieces of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that determine the characteristics an individual displays.（基因：决定个体特征的 DNA 片段） • Population: A population is considered to be all the organisms of the same kind found within a specific geographic region.（群落数：特定地理区域中同一类别生 物的总数） • Species: A species is a population of all the organisms potentially capable of reproducing naturally among themselves and having offspring that also reproduce.（物种：具有繁衍能力的群落） 3. Natural Selection（自然选择） • Natural Selection: Process that determines which individuals within a species will reproduce and pass their genes to the next generation.（自然选择：物种中具有 最强生存和繁衍能力的个体的选择）