Tummala, R L."Section X-Systems The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard c. dorf Boca raton crc Press llc. 2000
Tummala, R.L. “Section X – Systems” The Electrical Engineering Handbook Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000
This small robotic rover has been sent to Mars inside the Mars Pathfinder lander which was launched from Kennedy pace Center on December 4, 1996. Known as Sojourner, this compact, semi-autonomous six-wheeler will becom the first vehicle to traverse the martian surface The rover weighs just 22 Ib(10 kg)and when fully deployed is 11 in.(280 mm) high, 25 in. (630 mm)long, and 19 in. (480 mm)wide. It is equipped with three cameras and an alpha proton x-ray spectrometer which must be in contact with rocks or soil to measure elemental composition. A sensor detects alpha particle scattering and roton and x-ray emissions. Sojourner runs on a solar array, sufficient to power the rover for several hours per day, even in the worst dust storms. The rover control system features operator designation of targets and autonomous control to reach targets and perform tasks. The instructions will be sent to the rover from a controller on earth. The onboard control syster is built around an Intel 80C85 processor, which is an 8-bit processor and runs at about 100,000 instructions Landers and rovers of the future will share the heritage of Mars Pathfinder designs and technologies first tested during this mission. (Photo courtesy of National Aeronautics and Space Administration. c 2000 by CRC Press LLC
This small robotic rover has been sent to Mars inside the Mars Pathfinder lander which was launched from Kennedy Space Center on December 4, 1996. Known as Sojourner, this compact, semi-autonomous six-wheeler will become the first vehicle to traverse the Martian surface. The rover weighs just 22 lb (10 kg) and when fully deployed is 11 in. (280 mm) high, 25 in. (630 mm) long, and 19 in. (480 mm) wide. It is equipped with three cameras and an alpha proton x-ray spectrometer which must be in contact with rocks or soil to measure elemental composition. A sensor detects alpha particle scattering and proton and x-ray emissions. Sojourner runs on a solar array, sufficient to power the rover for several hours per day, even in the worst dust storms. The rover control system features operator designation of targets and autonomous control to reach targets and perform tasks. The instructions will be sent to the rover from a controller on earth. The onboard control system is built around an Intel 80C85 processor, which is an 8-bit processor and runs at about 100,000 instructions per second. Landers and rovers of the future will share the heritage of Mars Pathfinder designs and technologies first tested during this mission. (Photo courtesy of National Aeronautics and Space Administration.) © 2000 by CRC Press LLC
X Systems 100 Control Systems W.L. Brogan, G.K. F. Lee, A P Sage, B.C. Kuo, C L. Phillip R D. Harbor, R.G. Jacquot, J.E. McInroy D P. Atherton, J.S. Bay W.T. Baumann, M-Y Chow Models. Deynamic Response. Frequency Response Methods: Bode Diagram Approach RootLocus.compensation.DigitalControlSystems.nonlinear Optimal Control and Estimation. Neural Control 101 Robotics T.A. Lasky T.C. Hsia, R L. Tummala, N.G. Odrey Robot Configuration. Dynamics and Control. Applications 102 Aerospace Systems C.R. Spitzer, D A. Martinec, C T Leondes, A.H. Rana, W. Check Avionics Systems. Communications Satellite Systems: Applications 103 Command, Control and Communications(C)G. Clapp, D Sworder Scope. Background. The Technologies of C. The Dynamics of Encounters. The Role of the Human Decisionmaker in C3 104 Industrial Systems G.E. Cook, K. Anderson, R J. Barnett, A.K. Wallace, R Spee, M. Sznaier R.s. sanchez pena Welding and Bonding. Large Drives. Robust Systems 105 Man-Machine Systems D McRuer Seven Natures of Man. Machine Control-A Catalog of Behavioral Complexities. Full Attention mpensatory Operations-The Crossover Model 106 Vehicular Systems L.S. Boehmer Design Considerations. Land Transportation Classifications. Propulsion. Microprocessor 107 Industrial Illuminating Systems K Chen New Concepts in Designing an Industrial Illuminating System. Factors Affecting Industrial Illumination· System Components· Applicatio 108 Instruments .L. Schmalzel Elements of an Instrumentation System. Summary of Noise Reduction Techniques. Personal Computer-Based Instruments.Modeling PC-Based Instruments. The Effects of Sam Other Factors 109 Navigation Systems M Coordinate Frames. Categories of Navigation. Dead Reckoning. Radio Navigat elestial Navigation. Map Matching Navigation. Navigation Software. Design Trade-Offs 110 Reliability En Catastrophic Failure Models. The Bathtub Curve. Mean Time To Failure Failure Rate. A Posteriori Failure Probability. Units for Failure Rates Binomial Distribution. Application of the Poisson Distribution. The Ex TheWeibullDistribution.combinatorialAspects.ModelingMaintenane Binary Model for a Repairable Component. Two Dissimilar Repairable Components. Two Identical Repairable Components.Frequency and Duration Techniques Applications of Markov Process. Some Useful Approximations. Application Aspects. Reliability and Economics c 2000 by CRC Press LLC
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC X Systems 100 Control Systems W.L. Brogan, G.K.F. Lee, A.P. Sage, B.C. Kuo, C.L. Phillips, R.D. Harbor, R.G. Jacquot, J.E. McInroy, D.P. Atherton, J.S. Bay, W.T. Baumann, M-Y Chow Models • Deynamic Response • Frequency Response Methods: Bode Diagram Approach • Root Locus • Compensation • Digital Control Systems • Nonlinear Control Systems • Optimal Control and Estimation • Neural Control 101 Robotics T.A. Lasky, T.C. Hsia, R.L. Tummala, N.G. Odrey Robot Configuration • Dynamics and Control • Applications 102 Aerospace Systems C.R. Spitzer, D.A. Martinec, C.T. Leondes, A.H. Rana, W. Check Avionics Systems • Communications Satellite Systems: Applications 103 Command, Control and Communications (C3) G. Clapp, D. Sworder Scope • Background • The Technologies of C3 • The Dynamics of Encounters • The Role of the Human Decisionmaker in C3 104 Industrial Systems G.E. Cook, K. Anderson, R.J. Barnett, A.K. Wallace, R. Spée, M. Sznaier, R.S. Sánchez Peña Welding and Bonding • Large Drives • Robust Systems 105 Man-Machine Systems D. McRuer Seven Natures of Man • Machine Control—A Catalog of Behavioral Complexities • Full Attention Compensatory Operations—The Crossover Model 106 Vehicular Systems L.S. Boehmer Design Considerations • Land Transportation Classifications • Propulsion • Microprocessor Controls • Monitoring and Diagnostics 107 Industrial Illuminating Systems K. Chen New Concepts in Designing an Industrial Illuminating System • Factors Affecting Industrial Illumination • System Components • Applications • System Energy Efficiency Considerations 108 Instruments J.L. Schmalzel Physical Variables • Transducers • Instrument Elements • Instrumentation System • Modeling Elements of an Instrumentation System • Summary of Noise Reduction Techniques • Personal Computer-Based Instruments • Modeling PC-Based Instruments • The Effects of Sampling • Other Factors 109 Navigation Systems M. Kayton Coordinate Frames • Categories of Navigation • Dead Reckoning • Radio Navigation • Celestial Navigation • Map Matching Navigation • Navigation Software • Design Trade-Offs 110 Reliability Engineering R. Ramakumar Catastrophic Failure Models • The Bathtub Curve • Mean Time To Failure (MTTF) • Average Failure Rate • A Posteriori Failure Probability • Units for Failure Rates • Application of the Binomial Distribution • Application of the Poisson Distribution • The Exponential Distribution • The Weibull Distribution • Combinatorial Aspects • Modeling Maintenance • Markov Models • Binary Model for a Repairable Component • Two Dissimilar Repairable Components • Two Identical Repairable Components • Frequency and Duration Techniques • Applications of Markov Process • Some Useful Approximations • Application Aspects • Reliability and Economics
111 Environmental Effects K Blades, B. Allenby Industrial Ecology. Design for Environment. Environmental Implications for the Electroni chnology. Tools and Strategies for Environmen 112 Computer-Aided Control Systems Design C.M. Rimvall, C P Jobling A Brief History of CACSD. The State of the Art in CACSD.CACSD Block-Diagram Tools r Lal tummala Michigan State University F UNDAMENTAL IDEAS, CONCEPTS, AND TOOLS developed in system theory have contributed sig nificantly to the breakthroughs in aerospace, manufacturing, and medicine, to name a few. In 1990, the National Academy of Engineering identified ten outstanding engineering achievements of the preceding 25 years. These feats included five accomplishments made possible by utilizing modern system theory: Apollo lunar landings, satellites, computer-based manufacturing, computer axial tomography, and the jumbo jet. At present, these ideas are being extended to increase the productivity of the manufacturing sector, improve highway safety, increase fuel efficiency of automobiles, and design and produce environmentally friendly products. This section discusses conceptual approaches and tools of modern system theory and their applications. The key concepts for the analysis and design of linear and non-linear control systems: modeling, dynamic response, frequency response, root locus, compensation, digital control, describing functions, and phase plane are dis- cussed in Chapter 100. Application of these concepts to a variety of systems is discussed in the following chapters These systems draw their name from their application, for example, vehicular systems. The topic discussed in Chapter 101 is robotics. A robot is a computer-based mechanical manipulator which can be programmed to perform a variety of tasks. The authors review modeling, control, and application of robots. Chapter 102 describes aerospace systems in avionics and their use in communication satellite systems. The next chapter reviews the command, control, and communication systems used to monitor and control military aerospace ystems Chapter 104 describes two key industrial systems: welding and bonding, and large drives. The authors describe modeling, sensor requirements, control system requirements, and implementation for these systems. Chapter 105 discusses man-machine systems and models used to analyze them. The next two chapters review the key characteristics and electronic controls for vehicular systems, and industrial illumination systems Chapter 108 describes instruments, which are systems consisting of sensors and electronic circuits, usually for measurement applications. Modern approaches to navigation on the land, sea, or in the air are discussed in Chapter 109. Important topics such as reliability( Chapter 110)and environment( Chapter 111)are included to emphasize their improtance in the design of modern products and processes. with the advent of computer technology, system theory tools are widely available on the computer and the use of this is widespread and thus deserves special attention. Chapter 112 discusses this software c 2000 by CRC Press LLC
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC 111 Environmental Effects K. Blades, B. Allenby Industrial Ecology • Design for Environment • Environmental Implications for the Electronics Industry • Emerging Technology • Tools and Strategies for Environmental Design 112 Computer-Aided Control Systems Design C.M. Rimvall, C.P. Jobling A Brief History of CACSD • The State of the Art in CACSD • CACSD Block-Diagram Tools R. Lal Tummala Michigan State University UNDAMENTAL IDEAS, CONCEPTS, AND TOOLS developed in system theory have contributed significantly to the breakthroughs in aerospace, manufacturing, and medicine, to name a few. In 1990, the National Academy of Engineering identified ten outstanding engineering achievements of the preceding 25 years. These feats included five accomplishments made possible by utilizing modern system theory: Apollo lunar landings, satellites, computer-based manufacturing, computer axial tomography, and the jumbo jet. At present, these ideas are being extended to increase the productivity of the manufacturing sector, improve highway safety, increase fuel efficiency of automobiles, and design and produce environmentally friendly products. This section discusses conceptual approaches and tools of modern system theory and their applications. The key concepts for the analysis and design of linear and non-linear control systems: modeling, dynamic response, frequency response, root locus, compensation, digital control, describing functions, and phase plane are discussed in Chapter 100. Application of these concepts to a variety of systems is discussed in the following chapters. These systems draw their name from their application, for example, vehicular systems. The topic discussed in Chapter 101 is robotics. A robot is a computer-based mechanical manipulator which can be programmed to perform a variety of tasks. The authors review modeling, control, and application of robots. Chapter 102 describes aerospace systems in avionics and their use in communication satellite systems. The next chapter reviews the command, control, and communication systems used to monitor and control military aerospace systems. Chapter 104 describes two key industrial systems: welding and bonding, and large drives. The authors describe modeling, sensor requirements, control system requirements, and implementation for these systems. Chapter 105 discusses man-machine systems and models used to analyze them. The next two chapters review the key characteristics and electronic controls for vehicular systems, and industrial illumination systems. Chapter 108 describes instruments, which are systems consisting of sensors and electronic circuits, usually for measurement applications. Modern approaches to navigation on the land, sea, or in the air are discussed in Chapter 109. Important topics such as reliability (Chapter 110) and environment (Chapter 111) are included to emphasize their improtance in the design of modern products and processes. With the advent of computer technology, system theory tools are widely available on the computer and the use of this is widespread and thus deserves special attention. Chapter 112 discusses this software. F