直站着，等这两家人走到教堂前边入座以后，他们才坐下。（原句黑体部分为时间状语从句，若直译则为： 当这两家人走到教堂前边入座的时候，他们一直站着。翻译效果显然就差多了) 三)直译、意译均可 21 有些句子既可以直译又可以意译。这时采用哪种译法要看译文表达的需要，哪一种译文更妥贴就采用 哪一种。例如： 7)I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.时至今日，每当我想到这一天所连接起的两种生活差异之巨大时，心里就充满了一种奇妙的感受。 (直译) 时至今日，每当我想起这一天时仍会惊叹不已，因为这一天把具有天渊之别的两种生活连在了一起。 (意译) 8)Newton created a planetary dynamics which was so successful that for many years scientists complained that nothing was left to be done.牛顿创立的天体力学是那么成功，以致许多年来科学家们抱怨没有留下什么 可以继续搞的了。（直译） 牛倾创立的天体力学真是天衣无缝，以致许多年来科学家们抱怨无空可补。（意译） 9)It was really a mystery to the neighbors that Mary,the ugly woman,could succeed in ordering about her husband,the strong-armed blacksmith,well known far and wide,and hav ing him where she wanted him. 来说这确是个谜，玛丽这个丑女人竟能成功地支使她那位远近闻名、粗胳膊粗腿的铁匠丈夫，让他到那儿 就到那儿。（直译） 玛丽这个丑女人把她那远近闻名，胳膊粗力气大的铁匠丈夫支使得商溜溜转，让他上东他不敢往西！ 这对他们的邻居来说简直是不可思议。（意译） 四)直译、意译兼用 有些句子单靠直译或意译一种方法不能准确转达原文的信息，这时可将这两种译法结合起来，该直译的部 分就直译，需要意译的部分则意译。如：
21 直站着，等这两家人走到教堂前边入座以后，他们才坐下。（原句黑体部分为时间状语从句，若直译则为： 当这两家人走到教堂前边入座的时候，他们一直站着。翻译效果显然就差多了） 三）直译、意译均可 有些句子既可以直译又可以意译。这时采用哪种译法要看译文表达的需要，哪一种译文更妥贴就采用 哪一种。例如： 7) I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.时至今日，每当我想到这一天所连接起的两种生活差异之巨大时，心里就充满了一种奇妙的感受。 （直译） 时至今日，每当我想起这一天时仍会惊叹不已，因为这一天把具有天渊之别的两种生活连在了一起。 （意译） 8) Newton created a planetary dynamics which was so successful that for many years scientists complained that nothing was left to be done.牛顿创立的天体力学是那么成功，以致许多年来科学家们抱怨没有留下什么 可以继续搞的了。（直译） 牛顿创立的天体力学真是天衣无缝，以致许多年来科学家们抱怨无空可补。（意译） 9) It was really a mystery to the neighbors that Mary, the ugly woman, could succeed in ordering about her husband, the strong-armed blacksmith, well known far and wide, and having him where she wanted him.对邻居们 来说这确是个谜，玛丽这个丑女人竟能成功地支使她那位远近闻名、粗胳膊粗腿的铁匠丈夫，让他到那儿 就到那儿。（直译） 玛丽这个丑女人把她那远近闻名，胳膊粗力气大的铁匠丈夫支使得滴溜溜转，让他上东他不敢往西！ 这对他们的邻居来说简直是不可思议。（意译） 四）直译、意译兼用 有些句子单靠直译或意译一种方法不能准确转达原文的信息，这时可将这两种译法结合起来，该直译的部 分就直译，需要意译的部分则意译。如：
lO)In all these ways,I will bring the values of our history to the care of our times.我将通过所有这一 切，用我们历史上的传统价值来哺育我们这个时代。（介词短语直译，原句谓语部分意译） 11)If we do not turn the hearts of children toward knowledge and character,we will lose their gifts and undermine their idealism.如果我们不引导我们的孩子们真心地热爱知识、发挥个性，他们的天分将得不到 22 发挥，他们的理想将难以实现。（条件状语从句直译，主句意译） 12)People were sorry to remember that they had not seen the truth earlier when they had thought that these boys were bad.人们心里都很内疚，他们原先怎么就没有认识到这些，而把他们看作是坏孩子呢？（主 句部分直译，不定式短语部分意译) 在翻译实践中，何时直译何时意译应根据原文的上下文和译文的表达需要而灵活掌握。但是，无论直 译还是意译，都要把忠实于原文的内容放在第一位。如果译文只忠实于原文形式而不忠实于原文内容，那 就不是直译而是硬译。如果译文只追求通顺的形式而不忠实于原文的内容，那就不是意译而是滥译。总之， 翻译要在忠实于原文内容的基础上力求译文形式上的通顺，又要在译文通顺的前提下尽可能保持原文的形 式。如果译文的“通顺”与“忠实原文形式”两者之间出现了矛盾，则不必拘泥于原文的形式。翻译是一 种再创作，只有在充分理解原文的基础上灵活运用各种翻译技巧，多种方法相结合，才能提高译文的语言 质量，达到既“信”且“顺”的境界。 思考题： 1.直译的特点是什么？ 2.意译的特点是什么？ 3.什么时候采用直译的方法？ 4。什么时候采用意译的方法？
22 10) In all these ways, I will bring the values of our history to the care of our times.我将通过所有这一 切，用我们历史上的传统价值来哺育我们这个时代。（介词短语直译，原句谓语部分意译） 11) If we do not turn the hearts of children toward knowledge and character, we will lose their gifts and undermine their idealism.如果我们不引导我们的孩子们真心地热爱知识、发挥个性，他们的天分将得不到 发挥，他们的理想将难以实现。（条件状语从句直译，主句意译） 12) People were sorry to remember that they had not seen the truth earlier when they had thought that these boys were bad.人们心里都很内疚，他们原先怎么就没有认识到这些，而把他们看作是坏孩子呢？（主 句部分直译，不定式短语部分意译） 在翻译实践中，何时直译何时意译应根据原文的上下文和译文的表达需要而灵活掌握。但是，无论直 译还是意译，都要把忠实于原文的内容放在第一位。如果译文只 忠实于原文形式而不忠实于原文内容，那 就不是直译而是硬译。如果译文只追求通顺的形式而不忠实于原文的内容，那就不是意译而是滥译。总之， 翻译要在忠实于 原文内容的基础上力求译文形式上的通顺，又要在译文通顺的前提下尽可能保持原文的形 式。如果译文的“通顺”与“忠实原文形式”两者之间出现了矛盾，则不必 拘泥于原文的形式。翻译是一 种再创作，只有在充分理解原文的基础上灵活运用各种翻译技巧，多种方法相结合，才能提高译文的语言 质量，达到既“信”且“顺”的境界。 思考题： 1．直译的特点是什么？ 2．意译的特点是什么？ 3．什么时候采用直译的方法？ 4．什么时候采用意译的方法？
四、翻译实践 The First American Woman to Be A Media Mogul Katherine Graham,who died on July 17 at 84,was for many years,arguably the most powerful woman in America. 23 She was the first woman to be a true media mogul,running The Washington Post Company for more than three decades.For several generations of public officials and journalists,she embodied the Washington establishment. She first gained true fame during the Watergate scandal of the 1970s,when the Post's reporting helped bring down President Nixon.In 1998,her memoir,Persona/History was a No.I best seller and won the Pulitzer Prize. Just before World War II,she married Philip Graham,a brilliant Harvard Law grad and Supreme Court clerk.Phil, who took over the Washington Post from Katherine's father,Eugene Meyer,and began the paper's climb to greatness.But Phil Graham was a manic-depressive,and his fights of greatness were accompanied by terrible lows. When Graham shot himself in 1963,his widow had virtually no confidence in her ability to guide her family company or continue her husband's role as Washington power broker. She was operating in a world that was still essentially male-dominated.Slowly,hesitantly,not always aware of what she was doing,Mrs.Graham began to challenge the social order.The custom at fancy dinner parties for many years in Washington and elsewhere was for the "ladies"to retire after dinner so the men could talk about important matters.At one dinner party given by columnist Joseph Alsop in the 1960s,Mrs.Graham finally,and at first meekly,rebelled.She was irritated at being banished,she later wrote,because she realized she knew more about the subjects the men were discussing than they did.She told her host that she would rather go home and read than join the ladies in the drawing room.Alsop got the message-and an old and condescending custom was cast away. It was not long before cabinet officials were begging to join the conversation at her table. The Washington Post had just begun to come into its own in the 1970s when a pair of young Post reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein,began to uncover serious wrongdoing in the Nixon White House.When the paper began reporting on the scandal that became known as Watergate,Nixon's Attorney General,crudely
23 四、翻译实践 The First American Woman to Be A Media Mogul Katherine Graham, who died on July 17 at 84, was for many years, arguably the most powerful woman in America. She was the first woman to be a true media mogul, running The Washington Post Company for more than three decades. For several generations of public officials and journalists, she embodied the Washington establishment. She first gained true fame during the Watergate scandal of the 1970s, when the Post's reporting helped bring down President Nixon. In 1998, her memoir, Personal History was a No. 1 best seller and won the Pulitzer Prize. Just before World War II, she married Philip Graham, a brilliant Harvard Law grad and Supreme Court clerk. Phil, who took over the Washington Post from Katherine's father, Eugene Meyer, and began the paper's climb to greatness. But Phil Graham was a manic-depressive, and his fights of greatness were accompanied by terrible lows. When Graham shot himself in 1963, his widow had virtually no confidence in her ability to guide her family company or continue her husband's role as Washington power broker. She was operating in a world that was still essentially male-dominated. Slowly, hesitantly, not always aware of what she was doing, Mrs. Graham began to challenge the social order. The custom at fancy dinner parties for many years in Washington and elsewhere was for the "ladies" to retire after dinner so the men could talk about important matters. At one dinner party given by columnist Joseph Alsop in the 1960s, Mrs. Graham finally, and at first meekly, rebelled. She was irritated at being banished, she later wrote, because she realized she knew more about the subjects the men were discussing than they did. She told her host that she would rather go home and read than join the ladies in the drawing room. Alsop got the message－and an old and condescending custom was cast away. It was not long before cabinet officials were begging to join the conversation at her table. The Washington Post had just begun to come into its own in the 1970s when a pair of young Post reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, began to uncover serious wrongdoing in the Nixon White House. When the paper began reporting on the scandal that became known as Watergate, Nixon's Attorney General, crudely
threatened Katharine Graham,warning Bernstein that"Kay Graham's tit is going to get caught in a winger"if the paper persisted in investigating the president Though the Post was at considerable financial risk-the Post Company had just gone public and the Nixon administration was threatening the Post's television licenses- Graham stood up against the pressure from the White House.Months later,after Nixon had resigned in disgrace, 24 humor columnist Art Buchwald jokingly gave Graham a small bronze wringer. A couple of years earlier,Graham had taken an equally principled and courageous stand in publishing the Pentagon Papers,the U.S.government's secret history of the Vietnam War,despite threats of criminal prose cution by the Justice Department Widely honored for her courage as a paragon of the First Amendment,she also became an immensely successful businesswoman.Acquiring TV stations,cable companies and other media outlets,she made the Post a well-established Fortune 500 company.Other media leaders turned to her as an example and an inspiration.But though she was a model for the advancement of women for some 40 years,she never modeled herself as a feminist protagonist.She was,to the end,a gentle-woman of the old school,gracious and mannerly. 第二章新闻文体的翻译 1.本章教学目的与要求： 要求学生了解新闻文体的特点，以及新闻词汇的常用处理手段。 2.教学内容： 英语新闻文体一般分为三个梯级：第一梯级称为新闻报道(news reporting)或硬新闻(hard news), 包括简讯和电讯稿等，其纪实性最强：第二梯级称为软新闻(soft news),主要包括一些带讽刺性或文艺性 的杂文、小品等，其纪实性最弱而娱乐性最强：第三梯级称为中间新闻，兼有纪实性和娱乐性的特点。英
24 threatened Katharine Graham, warning Bernstein that "Kay Graham's tit is going to get caught in a winger" if the paper persisted in investigating the president. Though the Post was at considerable financial risk－the Post Company had just gone public and the Nixon administration was threatening the Post's television licenses－ Graham stood up against the pressure from the White House. Months later, after Nixon had resigned in disgrace, humor columnist Art Buchwald jokingly gave Graham a small bronze wringer. A couple of years earlier, Graham had taken an equally principled and courageous stand in publishing the Pentagon Papers, the U.S. government's secret history of the Vietnam War, despite threats of criminal prose cution by the Justice Department. Widely honored for her courage as a paragon of the First Amendment, she also became an immensely successful businesswoman. Acquiring TV stations, cable companies and other media outlets, she made the Post a well-established Fortune 500 company. Other media leaders turned to her as an example and an inspiration. But though she was a model for the advancement of women for some 40 years, she never modeled herself as a feminist protagonist. She was, to the end, a gentle-woman of the old school, gracious and mannerly. 第二章 新闻文体的翻译 1．本章教学目的与要求： 要求学生了解新闻文体的特点，以及新闻词汇的常用处理手段。 2． 教学内容： 英语新闻文体一般分为三个梯级：第一梯级称为新闻报道（news reporting）或硬新闻（hard news）， 包括简讯和电讯稿等，其纪实性最强；第二梯级称为软新闻（soft news），主要包括一些带讽刺性或文艺性 的杂文、小品等，其纪实性最弱而娱乐性最强；第三梯级称为中间新闻，兼有纪实性和娱乐性的特点。英
美报刊中把中间梯级的各式文章称为“特写”(feature articles/features)。“特写”的形式繁多，一般有新 闻专题报道(news stories)、采访(interviews)、人物介绍(personal profiles)、每周专文(weekly essays) 新闻述评(news reviews)和杂议(opinion pieces)等。目前英美报刊的特写就其题材范围而言常常是融新 闻、科技、文化、生活等知识等于一体，讲求既有消息性又有娱乐性。本章所讨论的主要是这类中间梯级 25 的新闻。 一、新闻文体的特点 1.词汇特点 英语新闻文体在用词方面具有“用词新颖，精巧别致”的显著特点，有人称之为“使用新词的庞大机 器和杜撰新词的巨大工厂”。这些词语与其它一些报刊常用词汇加在一起，就形成了所谓的“新闻词汇”。 新词在构成与表现形式上大致有以下几种情况： l1)旧词转新义，比如gay本义是“快乐的”，但a gay bar却表示“同性恋者聚集的酒吧”：configure 本义是“结构，布局”，drive本义是“驾驶，驱动”，interface本义是“界面”，但在计算机中却分别表 示“配置”、“驱动器”、“接口”： 2)新事生新词，比如伴随着计算机而产生的dialog boxes(对话框)，随着网络通讯而产生的email(电 子邮件)、facemail(虚拟人朗读用户电子邮件)，深受青年学生喜爱的walkman(随身听)： 3)新近时髦词，比如cool(酷)，fan(发烧友)片(best seller)list(排行榜)： 4)派生新构词，比如anti-corruption(反腐倡廉)，multi-media(多媒体的)： 5)临时造新词，比如afve-year plan(五年计划)，a build-to-order manufacturing model(定做加工的 生产模式)。 英语新闻文体在用词方面的另一倾向是广泛借用各个行业和学科领域的词语，包括体育、军事、商业、 科技、文学、娱乐等方面的词语以及俚语、行话等。 2.句子结构和行文程式的特点
25 美报刊中把中间梯级的各式文章称为“特写”（feature articles / features）。“特写”的形式繁多，一般有新 闻专题报道（news stories）、采访（interviews）、人物介绍（personal profiles）、每周专文（weekly essays）、 新闻述评（news reviews）和杂议（opinion pieces）等。目前英美报刊的特写就其题材范围而言常常是融新 闻、科技、文化、生活等知识等于一体，讲求既有消息性又有娱乐性。本章所讨论的主要是这类中间梯级 的新闻。 一、新闻文体的特点 1．词汇特点 英语新闻文体在用词方面具有“用词新颖，精巧别致”的显著特点，有人称之为“使用新词的庞大机 器和杜撰新词的巨大工厂”。这些词语与其它一些报刊常用词汇加在一起，就形成了所谓的“新闻词汇”。 新词在构成与表现形式上大致有以下几种情况： 1)旧词转新义，比如 gay 本义是“快乐的”，但 a gay bar 却表示“同性恋者聚集的酒吧”；configure 本义是“结构，布局”，drive 本义是“驾驶，驱动”，interface 本义是“界面”，但在计算机中却分别表 示“配置”、“驱动器”、“接口”； 2)新事生新词，比如伴随着计算机而产生的 dialog boxes（对话框），随着网络通讯而产生的 email（电 子邮件）、facemail（虚拟人朗读用户电子邮件），深受青年学生喜爱的 walkman（随身听）； 3)新近时髦词，比如 cool (酷)，fan（发烧友）；(best seller) list（排行榜）； 4)派生新构词，比如 anti-corruption (反腐倡廉)，multi-media（多媒体的）； 5)临时造新词，比如 a five-year plan（五年计划），a build-to-order manufacturing model（定做加工的 生产模式）。 英语新闻文体在用词方面的另一倾向是广泛借用各个行业和学科领域的词语，包括体育、军事、商业、 科技、文学、娱乐等方面的词语以及俚语、行话等。 2．句子结构和行文程式的特点