5 NATIVE AMERICANS Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California no one really knows. However, it is likely that Native Americans were iving in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by 10 means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans 15 living in California than in any other state THE SPANISH In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early I6th century. when they fought against the native people and took their land. Two centu later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what 20 we now call the United States. Of the first Spanish to go to California. the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821. the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is why today over 406 25 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language RUSSIANS In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling in California Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco. GOLD MINERS o In 1848. not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive. were South Americans and people from the United States. Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich 35 Some died or returned home. but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850. it was already a multicultural society. LATER ARRIVALS 40 Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California. although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the"Chinatowns"of Los Angeles and San francisco Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California 45 in the late 19th century. In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. By the 1920s the film industry was well established in
Unit I A land of diversity Hollywood California. The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United State Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. However. even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries. 55 MOST RECENT ARRIVALS In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California THE FUTURE 60 People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. Comprehending 1 Beside each time note down an important event in Californian history 15,000 years ago I 6th century 1821 1850 1848 846 2 Beside each cultural group write the period in which they first came to California in large numbers. Russians Africans Chinese Italians Danish Jewish Japanese Koreans Cambodians Vietnamese Pakistanis 3 Why is California such a multicultural community? What problems do you think might arise? Explain in your own words and write three or four sentences. Compare your answers with your partner and be prepared to tell your ideas to the class
Learning about Language Discovering useful words and expressions 1 Complete the following chart with new words from the text Find more examples of word formation after studying the whole unit. Adjective Noun Adjective Noun major Italian hard K orea race Pakistan distinct Denmark 2 Complete these sentences using new words from the text country consists of a group of states. 2 That is the biggest church i have ever seen 5 The of us voted for Mr Red, who then became chairman of the commitlee of Education is one of the government departments s The economic in recent years has created more job opportunities shaped like a boot lies in the south of Europe We should draw a between right and wrong s To make the crossing from Shandong to the Northeast, our ancestors suffered all kinds of 9 The people from South or North are called Koreans 10 Nobody knows who will b as president or vice president of this country 3 Choose the words and phrases to fill in the blanks, changing their forms if necessary. aircraft crossing by means of make a life rail strait Arctic My nephews first holiday to the was a delight. The scenery and the icebergs excited him Looking across the Bering into Russia was something he would remember forever To make the between these two great countries seemed as if it would take no time at all! Then he travelled across the ice a dog sled. It made the journey he had earlier done by seem very ordinary. When he reached the North Pole. he found nothing exciting except for a sign marking the spot, but he did meet some scientists there who were studying the melting of the ice and for themselves among the snowy hills and plains. After a short break he took the local to fly back to Alaska and the sea voyage back home!
Unit 1 A land of diversity Revising useful structures 1 Study the underlined noun clauses in these sentences In your opinion, what role do these clauses play in the sentences? What attracts people to California is its pleasant climate and relaxed lifestyle. This is why each year a great number of people from all over the world try to immigrate to California. However, most applicants know that they have very little chance of getting a visa 2 Underline the noun clauses in these sentences What types of noun clauses are they? Then look through the reading passage again and underline all the noun clauses in it I Whether Native Americans arrived in California 15, 000 years ago or 14, 000 years ago is not Important 2 The fact that they arrived a long time before Europeans is what matters s I believe that the Native Americans were treated badly when the first Europeans came. The customs office is where your baggage is inspected when you enter or leave a country 3 Join the two parts to make sentences containing noun clauses. She pretended is what I want to know 2 It is not surprising that you get a visa before you travel to the USA o Why she didnt tell you herself why he lied to me. 4 I wonder that so many people love California o The trouble was is what I can't explain. 6 It is essential that she was a socialist, believing in socialism What George discovered in California that she had lost her passport e Where they got all that money was different from what he saw in the movies 4 Complete the dialogue with the sentences below and add information where necessary JUDY: Have you decided yet where to go for your holiday? ALICE JUDY: What do you mean? ALICE: JUDY: Full? In New York? ALICE JUDY: There must be a room somewhere. I suggest you try another travel agency ALICI Yes. It didnt occur to me that suppose that… Not really. The problem is Well, I wanted to go to New York. But Ive found out that 5
Using Language Listening and speaking 1 George is on holiday in the United States and he is touring around California. He is telephoning his friend christie. Before listening, look at the pictures and go over the exercises below. Guess what might be included in their conversation 2 Listen to the tape and answer the following questions Where did Georges tour start and in which direction has he been travelling") 2 What surprised George about California? Why did George have the wrong idea about California before he went there? Why are there so many different kinds of music, food and art in California? 3 Listen again and complete the postcard george wrote Dear Christie I'm here in Joshua Tree National Park. in Have been travelling around the state of California for three weeks now. Very different from what I have seen in Not everyone S and not everyone lives near the First travelled southeast through rich farmland then to the central part. They grow everything here including and fruit, Cattle too. Then travelled further nto mountains and Califomians are very friendly, and they are from many different and cultures. Every culture has its own food and art. Most Interestin Wish you were here. Give my love to paula Yours G core