“稀缺”的经济学定义Possessing utility,commodities derivetheirexchangeable value from two sources: from theirscarcity, and from the quantity of labor reguired toobtain them"(Ricardo, 1821,p.12)·交换价值来自稀缺和劳动。“I mean all things, material or immaterial, thatare scarce, that is to say, on the one hand, useful tous and, on the other hand, only available to us inlimited quantity.""(Walras, 1926, p65)Useful:capableofsatisfyingawant，财富=经济物品=稀缺=（1）有用+（2）不足够2003/3/8NIE2003第2讲稀缺、竞争与约束
2003/3/8 NIE2003 第2讲稀缺、竞争与约束 6 “稀缺”的经济学定义 “Possessing utility,commodities derive their exchangeable value from two sources: from their scarcity, and from the quantity of labor required to obtain them”(Ricardo, 1821,p.12). ⚫ 交换价值来自稀缺和劳动。 “I mean all things, material or immaterial, that are scarce, that is to say, on the one hand, useful to us and, on the other hand, only available to us in limited quantity.” (Walras, 1926，p65） ⚫ Useful: capable of satisfying a want. ⚫ 财富=经济物品=稀缺=（1）有用 + （2）不足够
“稀缺”的经济学定义（续）Economics is the science which studies humanbehavior as a relationship between ends and scarcemeans which have alternative uses. (Robbins1932,p.16)·多重目的与可选择的稀缺手段之间的关系“Scarcity"means your wantsand desiresexceedwhatisavailable.(A/chian,1970s“物品（goods)"的定义是有胜于无，而“经济物品”的定义是多胜于少。“缺乏”说的是“供应不能完全满足人的需要”：因此才有“多胜于少（张五常，2002）。·稀缺=经济物品=多胜于少2003/3/8NIE2003第2讲稀缺、竞争与约束
2003/3/8 NIE2003 第2讲稀缺、竞争与约束 7 “稀缺”的经济学定义（续） “Economics is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses”. (Robbins, 1932，p.16） ⚫ 多重目的与可选择的稀缺手段之间的关系 “Scarcity” means your wants and desires exceed what is available. (Alchian,1970s) “物品（goods)”的定义是有胜于无，而“经济物 品”的定义是多胜于少。“缺乏”说的是“供应 不能完全满足人的需要”；因此才有“多胜于少” （张五常，2002）。 ⚫ 稀缺=经济物品=多胜于少