ix9.2.2 AdaptingEBCOTtoJPEG2000 2759.2.3Region-of-Interest Coding2759.2.4Comparison of JPEG and JPEG2000 Performance2779.3The JPEG-LS Standard 2779.3.1Prediction2809.3.2Context Determination2819.3.3Residual Coding2819.3.4Near-Lossless Mode 2819.4Bilevel Image Compression Standards2829.4.1TheJBIG Standard 2829.4.2The JBIG2 Standard2829.5Further Exploration 2849.6Exercises2859.7References28710 BasicVideo Compression Techniques28810.1Introduction to Video Compression28810.2VideoCompression Based on Motion Compensation 28810.3Search for Motion Vectors 29010.3.1 Sequential Search 29010.3.22DLogarithmic Search29110.3.3 Hierarchical Search 29310.4295H.26110.4.1 Intra-Frame (1-Frame)Coding29710.4.2 Inter-Frame (P-Frame) Predictive Coding29710.4.3 Quantization inH.261 29710.4.4H.261Encoder andDecoder29810.4.5 A Glance at the H.261 Video Bitstream Syntax 30110.5H.26330310.5.1 Motion Compensation inH.26330410.5.2Optional H.263Coding Modes30510.5.3H.263+andH.263++30710.6Further Exploration30810.7Exercises30910.8References310II MPEG Video Coding IMPEG-1 and 231211.1Overview 31211.2MPEG-131211.2.1Motion Compensation inMPEG-131311.2.2OtherMajorDifferences fron H.26131511.2.3MPEG-1VideoBitstream31811.3MPEG-231911.3.1Supporting InterlacedVideo 32011.3.2MPEG-2Scalabilities32311.3.3 OtherMajorDifferencesfromMPEG-132911.4FurtherExploration 33011.5Exercises33011.6References331
33212 MPEG Video Coding II MPEG-4, 7, and BeyondOverviewofMPEG-4 33212.1Object-Based Visual Coding in MPEG-433512.212.2.1 VOP-Based Coding vs.Frame-Based Coding 33512.2.2Motion Compensation 33712.2.3 Texture Coding 34112.2.4 Shape Coding 34334612.2.5Static Texture Coding12.2.6 Sprite Coding 34734812.2.7 Global Motion Compensation12.3Synthetic Object Coding in MPEG-434912.3.1 2D Mesh Object Coding 34912.3.2 3DModel-based Coding354MPEG-4 Object types, Profiles and Levels35612.4MPEG-4Part10/H.26435712.512.5.1 Core Features 35836012.5.2 Baseline ProfileFeatures12.5.3Main ProfileFeatures36012.5.4 Extended ProfileFeatures361MPEG-736112.612.6.1 Descriptor (D)36312.6.2 Description Scheme (DS) 36512.6.3 Description Definition Language (DDL)36812.7MPEG-2136937012.8Further Exploration12.9370Exercises37112.10References37413Basic Audio Compression Techniques37413.1ADPCM in Speech Coding13.1.1 ADPCM 37413.2G.726ADPCM376Vocoders37813.313.3.1 Phase Insensitivity 37837813.3.2 Channel Vocoder13.3.3 Formant Vocoder38038013.3.4 Linear Predictive Coding13.3.5CELP38313.3.6 Hybrid Excitation Vocoders*38913.4Further Exploration 39213.5Exercises39239313.6References39514 MPEG Audio CompressionPsychoacoustics 39514.139614.1.1 Equal-Loudness Relations14.1.2 Frequency Masking 39814.1.3Temporal Masking403MPEGAudio40514.214.2.1 MPEG Layers405
xi14.2.2 MPEGAudio Strategy 40614.2.3MPEGAudioCompressionAlgorithm 40714.2.4 MPEG-2AAC(AdvanicedAudio Coding) 41214.2.5MPEG-4Audio41414.3Other Commercial Audio Codecs 41514.4TheFuture: MPEG-7 and MPEG-2141514.5FurtherExploration41614.6Exercises41614.7References417IIIMultimedia Communication and Retrieval41915Computer and Multimedia Networks42115.1Basics ofComputer and Multimedia Networks.42115.1.1OSINetworkLayers42115.1.2TCP/PProtocols42215.2Multiplexing Technologies 42515.2.1Basics of Multiplexing42515.2.2 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)42715.2.3Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET)42815.2.4Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) 42915.3LANandWAN 43015.3.1 Local Area Networks (LANs)43115.3.2Wide Area Networks (WANs)43415.3.3Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)43515.3.4 Gigabit and10-Gigabit Ethermets 43815.4Access Networks43915.5Common Peripheral Interfaces44115.6FurtherExploration44115.7Exercises44215.8References44216 Multimedia Network Communications and Applications44316.1Quality of Multimedia Data Transmission44316.1.1 Quality of Service(QoS) 44316.1.2 QoS for IP Protocols44616.1.3 Prioritized Delivery 44716.2Multimedia over IP44716.2.1 IP-Multicast 44716.2.2 RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) 44916.2.3 Real TimeControl Protocol (RTCP)45116.2.4 Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) 45116.2.5 Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)45316.2.6 Internet Telephony45516.3Multimedia over ATM Networks45916.3.1 Video Bitrates over ATM45916.3.2ATMAdaptation Layer (AAL)46016.3.3 MPEG-2 Convergence to ATM46116.3.4 Multicast over ATM462
xiiTransportofMPEG-4 46216.416.4.1 DMIFinMPEG-446216.4.2 MPEG-4over IP463Media-on-Demand (MOD)46416.546416.5.1 Interactive TV (ITV) and Set-Top Box (STB)16.5.2 Broadcast Schemes forVideo-on-Demand 46516.5.3 BufferManagement 472Further Exploration 47516.647616.7ExercisesReferences47716.847917 Wireless NetworksWireless Networks 47917.148017.1.1 Analog Wireless Networks48117.1.2 Digital Wireless Networks17.1.3 TDMAandGSM48117.1.4Spread Spectrumand CDMA48317.1.5Analysis of CDMA48617.1.6 3G Digital Wireless Networks48817.1.7 Wireless LAN (WLAN)49217.2Radio Propagation Models49317.2.1MultipathFading 49417.2.2 Path Loss 49617.3496Multimedia over Wireless Networks17.3.1 Synchronization Loss 49749917.3.2 Error Resilient Entropy Coding17.3.3ErrorConcealment50117.3.4 ForwardErrorCorrection (FEC)50317.3.5Trends in Wireless Interactive Multimedia50617.4Further Exploration 508Exercises50817.517.6References51051118 Content-Based Retrieval in Digital Libraries18.1How Should We Retrieve Images? 511C-BIRD-ACase Study 51318.218.2.1 C-BIRDGUI 51418.2.2 Color Histogram 51451618.2.3Color Density18.2.4 Color Layout51618.2.5 Texture Layout 51718.2.6SearchbyIlumination Invariance51918.2 SearchbyObjectModel 52018.3533SynopsisofCurrentImageSearchSystems18.3.1QBIC53518.3.2UC Santa Barbara SearchEngines53618.3.3 BerkeleyDigital LibraryProject 53618.3.4 Chabot 53618.3.5 Blobworld 53718.3.6Columbia University Image Seekers537
xili18.3.7Informedia53718.3.8MetaSEEk53718.3.9PhotobookandFourEyes53818.3.10MARS53818.3.11Virage53818.3.12 Viper 53818.3.13Visual RetrievalWare53818.4Relevanice Feedback53918.4.1MARS53918.4.2 iFind 54118.5Quantifying Results54118.6QueryingonVideos54218.7Querying on OtherFormats54418.8Outiook for Content-Based Retrieval54418.9Further Exploration 54518.10 Exercises54618.11 References547Index551