幻灯片11Potential energysurface(PES):Defines apotential energy surface (adiabatic surface)Eus(R...R)-Zea0point onthePESi22Rasolutid·Nuclei can be thought to"travel"onthis PES:3Ndegree of freedomWaysto describe nuclei motion:mmechanically,e.g,.tocapture"tunneling."Expensivean1.quantspecialized2. classical particles rolling along the PES. Essence of classical ab initicmoleculgrdynamics3.focus on locatingcritical points"along PES, like stable minima("molecules")andsaddlepoints("transitionstates").Leastexpensiveancmostcommor势能面也叫绝热面(adiabaticsurface),其在电子能的基础上包括了原子核之间的排斥能【这个能量一般称为电子能Eelec,就是SCFdone:E(RHF)=A.U.;或者在archiveentry[HF=;或者在Results/summaryE(RHF),当然有可能是UHF)但是这个能量不包括原子核的动能(平动、振动、转动)。3N个自由度,太多!如何处理原子核的运动呢?1.量子力学,例如描述原子核的隧穿效应,贵且需要根据系统定制,比如前面提到的核自旋异构体。2.经典力学,描述原子核在PEs上滚动就是abinitiomoleculardynamics.3.只关注PES上的关键点如稳定极小值stableminima(molecules"),鞍点saddlepoints("transitionstates").如右图所示。最便宜且计算化学中用得最多
幻灯片 11 Potential energy surface (PES) • Defines a potential energy surface (adiabatic surface) 11 Each point on the PES is a solution to electronic Schrodinger equation Ways to describe nuclei motion: 1. quantum mechanically, e.g. to capture “tunneling.” Expensive and specialized. 2. classical particles rolling along the PES. Essence of classical ab initio molecular dynamics. 3. focus on locating “critical points” along PES, like stable minima (“molecules”) and saddle points (“transition states”). Least expensive and most common. • Nuclei can be thought to “travel” on this PES • 3N degree of freedom 势能面也叫绝热面(adiabatic surface),其在电子能的基础上包括了原子核之间 的排斥能【这个能量一般称为电子能Eelec,就是SCF done: E(RHF) = A.U.;或 者在archive entry |HF=;或者在Results/summary E(RHF),当然有可能是UHF】 但是这个能量不包括原子核的动能(平动、振动、转动)。3N个自由度,太 多! 如何处理原子核的运动呢? 1. 量子力学,例如描述原子核的隧穿效应,贵且需要根据系统定制,比如前面 提到的核自旋异构体。 2. 经典力学,描述原子核在PES上滚动就是ab initio molecular dynamics. 3. 只关注PES上的关键点如稳定极小值 stable minima (“molecules”),鞍点saddle points (“transition states”). 如右图所示。最便宜且计算化学中用得最多
幻灯片12B-OapproximationsummaryFreeze the nuclear positions (nuclear kinetic energy is zero inthe electronic Hamiltonian);Calculate the electronic wavefunction and energy E;?.E depends on the nuclear positions through the nuclear-electronattractionandnuclear-nuclearrepulsionterms;.E= O corresponds to allparticles at infinite separation;Born-Oppenheimer approximation is pretty robust.1.1、BOA固定原子位置,即原子核动能为O;2、计算电子波函数和电子能,电子能依赖于原子核的位置,通过原子核-电子吸引和原子核-原子核排斥两项,与原子核的位置紧密相连。电子哈密顿对应的能量再加上原子核的排斥能,统称为电子能,即高斯报告的HF能。3、所以:能量的参考点,选的是原子核与电子无穷远时为0;BOA是个相当不错的近似,比Slater单个行列式近似波函数好多了。不止-4、个势能面,多个势能面接近的时候容易崩溃
幻灯片 12 B-O approximation summary • Freeze the nuclear positions (nuclear kinetic energy is zero in the electronic Hamiltonian); • Calculate the electronic wavefunction and energy E; • E depends on the nuclear positions through the nuclearelectron attraction and nuclear-nuclear repulsion terms; • E = 0 corresponds to all particles at infinite separation; • Born-Oppenheimer approximation is pretty robust 12 1、BOA固定原子位置,即原子核动能为0; 2、计算电子波函数和电子能,电子能依赖于原子核的位置,通过原子核-电子 吸引和原子核-原子核排斥两项,与原子核的位置紧密相连。电子哈密顿对应的 能量再加上原子核的排斥能,统称为电子能,即高斯报告的HF能。 3、所以:能量的参考点,选的是原子核与电子无穷远时为0; 4、BOA是个相当不错的近似,比Slater单个行列式近似波函数好多了。不止一 个势能面,多个势能面接近的时候容易崩溃