Main branches of medicine Basic sciences of medicine(基础医学):ths5 what every physician is educated in, and some return to in biomedical research Medical specialties(专科) Interdisciplinary fields(跨学科领域): Where different medical specialties are mixed to function in certain occasions
Basic sciences of medicine (基础医学): this is what every physician is educated in, and some return to in biomedical research Medical specialties (专科) Interdisciplinary fields (跨学科领域): where different medical specialties are mixed to function in certain occasions
Basic Sciences of Medicine Anatomy (A #=)is the study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy, cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures Biochemistry (E 41t )is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components Biostatistics(s4' #=)is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. a knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of medical research. It is also fundamental to epidemiology and evidence- based medicine Cytology(细胞学) sthe microscopic study of individual cells Embryology(胚胎学) is the study of the early development of organisms Epidemiology (i1T f)is the study of the demographics of disease processes, and includes, but is not limited to, the study of epidemics Genetics(ii ft )is the study of genes, and their role in biological inheritance Histology (iasR = )is the study of the structures of biological tissues by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemist Immunology (R R 4)is the study of the immune system, which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in humans, for example Medical physics(医学物理学) is the study of the applications of physics principles in medicine Microbiology(微生物学) s the study of microorganisms, including protozoa, bacteria,fung, and viruses Neuroscience(i742#)includes those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the nervous system. a main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord Nutrition(B f=)is the study of the relationship of food and drink to health and disease, especially in determining an optimal diet Medical nutrition therapy is done by dietitians and is prescribed for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, weight and eating disorders, allergies, malnutrition, and neoplastic diseases Pathology as a science(I=)is the study of disease-the causes, course, progression and resolution thereof Pharmacology(药理学) is the study of drugs and their actions Physiology (sIf)is the study of the normal functioning of the body and the underlying regulatory mechanisms Toxicology(毒理学) is the study of hazardous effects of drugs and poisons
Anatomy (解剖学) is the study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy, cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures. Biochemistry (生物化学) is the study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components. Biostatistics (生物统计学) is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of medical research. It is also fundamental to epidemiology and evidencebased medicine. Cytology (细胞学) is the microscopic study of individual cells. Embryology (胚胎学) is the study of the early development of organisms. Epidemiology (流行病学) is the study of the demographics of disease processes, and includes, but is not limited to, the study of epidemics. Genetics (遗传学) is the study of genes, and their role in biological inheritance. Histology (组织学) is the study of the structures of biological tissues by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Immunology (免疫学) is the study of the immune system, which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in humans, for example. Medical physics (医学物理学) is the study of the applications of physics principles in medicine. Microbiology (微生物学) is the study of microorganisms, including protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Neuroscience (神经科学) includes those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the nervous system. A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord. Nutrition (营养学) is the study of the relationship of food and drink to health and disease, especially in determining an optimal diet. Medical nutrition therapy is done by dietitians and is prescribed for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, weight and eating disorders, allergies, malnutrition, and neoplastic diseases. Pathology as a science (病理学) is the study of disease—the causes, course, progression and resolution thereof. Pharmacology (药理学) is the study of drugs and their actions. Physiology (生理学) is the study of the normal functioning of the body and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Toxicology (毒理学) is the study of hazardous effects of drugs and poisons
Medical Specialties Surgery(外科学:" Surgery" refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in"General Surgery General surgery(普通外科学) Trauma surgery(创伤外科学) Cardiovascular surgery(心血管外科学) Neurosurgery(神经外科学) Maxillofacial surgery(颌面外科学) Orthopedic surgery(骨科学) Otolaryngology(耳鼻喉学) Plastic surgery(整形外科学) Oncologic surgery(肿瘤外科学) Vascular surgery(血管外科学) Pediatric surgery(小儿外科学) Anesthesiology(麻醉学)
Surgery (外科学): "Surgery" refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in "General Surgery." ▪ General surgery (普通外科学) ▪ Trauma surgery (创伤外科学) ▪ Cardiovascular surgery (心血管外科学) ▪ Neurosurgery (神经外科学) ▪ Maxillofacial surgery (颌面外科学) ▪ Orthopedic surgery (骨科学) ▪ Otolaryngology (耳鼻喉学) ▪ Plastic surgery (整形外科学) ▪ Oncologic surgery (肿瘤外科学) ▪ Vascular surgery (血管外科学) ▪ Pediatric surgery (小儿外科学) ▪ Anesthesiology (麻醉学)
Medical Specialties Medicine (F f+F): "Medicine"refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in"Internal Medicine Cardiology(心脏病学) Critical care medicine(危重医学) Endocrinology(内分泌学) Gastroenterology(胃肠病学) Hematology(血液病学) Hepatology(肝病学 nfectious diseases(感染病) Nephrology(肾脏病学) Oncology(肿瘤学) Proctology(直肠病学 Pulmonology(肺脏病学) Rheumatology(风湿病学 Sleep disorder(睡眠障碍) Neurology(神经病学) Geriatrics(老年病学) Pediatrics(儿科学) Family Practice(全科医学)
Medicine (内科学): "Medicine" refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in "Internal Medicine". ▪ Cardiology (心脏病学) ▪ Critical care medicine (危重医学) ▪ Endocrinology (内分泌学) ▪ Gastroenterology (胃肠病学) ▪ Hematology (血液病学) ▪ Hepatology (肝病学) ▪ Infectious diseases (感染病) ▪ Nephrology (肾脏病学) ▪ Oncology (肿瘤学) ▪ Proctology (直肠病学) ▪ Pulmonology (肺脏病学) ▪ Rheumatology (风湿病学) ▪ Sleep disorder (睡眠障碍) ▪ Neurology (神经病学) ▪ Geriatrics (老年病学) ▪ Pediatrics (儿科学) ▪ Family Practice (全科医学)
Medical Specialties Diagnostic specialties Clinical laboratory sciences(临床检验学) are the clinical diagnostic services which apply laboratory techniques to diagnosis and management of patients. In the United States these services are supervised by a pathologist. The personnel that work in these medical laboratory departments are technically trained staff who do not hold medical degrees but who usually hold an undergraduate medical technology degree, who actually perform thetests, assays, and procedures needed for providing the specific services. Subspecialties include Transfusion medicine, Cellular pathology, Clinical chemistry, Hematology, Clinical microbiology and clinical immunology Pathology as a medical specialty (Ff) is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of diseases and the morphologic, physiologic changes produced by them. As a diagnostic specialty, chain reaction(PCR), immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, gene rearrangements studies anfo oe pathology can be considered the basis of modern scientific medical knowledge and plays a large role in evidence-based medicine. Many modern molecular tests such as flow cytometry, polymerase fluorescent in situ hybridization( FISH)fall within the territory of pathology Radiology (it f3 F)is concerned with imaging of the human body, e. g. by x-rays, x-ray computed Clinical neurophysiology(临床神经生理学) is concerned with testing the physiology or function of the central and peripheral aspects of the nervous system. these kinds of tests can be divided into recordings of: (1)spontaneous or continuously running electrical activity, or(2)stimulus evoked responses. Subspecialties include Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Evoked potential Nerve conduction study and Polysomnography. Sometimes these tests are performed by techs without a medical degree, but the interpretation of these tests is done by a medical professional
Diagnostic specialties: ▪ Clinical laboratory sciences (临床检验学) are the clinical diagnostic services which apply laboratory techniques to diagnosis and management of patients. In the United States these services are supervised by a pathologist. The personnel that work in these medical laboratory departments are technically trained staff who do not hold medical degrees, but who usually hold an undergraduate medical technology degree, who actually perform the tests, assays, and procedures needed for providing the specific services. Subspecialties include Transfusion medicine, Cellular pathology, Clinical chemistry, Hematology, Clinical microbiology and Clinical immunology. ▪ Pathology as a medical specialty (病理学) is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of diseases and the morphologic, physiologic changes produced by them. As a diagnostic specialty, pathology can be considered the basis of modern scientific medical knowledge and plays a large role in evidence-based medicine. Many modern molecular tests such as flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, gene rearrangements studies and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) fall within the territory of pathology. ▪ Radiology (放射学) is concerned with imaging of the human body, e.g. by x-rays, x-ray computed tomography, ultrasonography, and nuclear magnetic resonance tomography. ▪ Clinical neurophysiology (临床神经生理学) is concerned with testing the physiology or function of the central and peripheral aspects of the nervous system. These kinds of tests can be divided into recordings of: (1) spontaneous or continuously running electrical activity, or (2) stimulus evoked responses. Subspecialties include Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Evoked potential, Nerve conduction study and Polysomnography. Sometimes these tests are performed by techs without a medical degree, but the interpretation of these tests is done by a medical professional