Medical Specialties Other Ophthalmology (BR#t f)exclusively concerned with the eye and ocular adnexa Combines conservative and surgical therapy, and has its own College Dermatology(皮肤科学) is concerned with the skin and its diseases. n the UK, dermatology is a subspecialty of general medicine Emergency medicine(急诊医学) is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of acute or life threatening conditions, including trauma, surgical, medical, pediatric, and psychiatric emergencies Obstetrics and gynecology(妇产科学) often abbreviated as oB gyn) are concerned respectivel with childbirth and the female reproductive and associated organs Reproductive medicine and fertility medicine are generally practiced by gynecological specialists Palliative care(姑息护理) is a relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients withterminal illnesses including cancer and heart failure Pediatrics (L#1=)is devoted to the care of infants, children, and adolescents. Like internal medicine, there are many pediatric subspecialties for specific age ranges, organ systems, disease classes, and sites of care deliver Physical medicine and rehabilitation( or physiatry)(物理医学和康复【物理疗法】) is concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or congenital disorders Psychiatry(精神病学) is the branch of medicine concerned with the bio-psycho-social study of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cognitive, perceptual, emotional and behavioral disorders Related non-medical fields include psychotherapy and clinical psychology
Other: ▪ Ophthalmology (眼科学) exclusively concerned with the eye and ocular adnexa. Combines conservative and surgical therapy, and has its own College. ▪ Dermatology (皮肤科学) is concerned with the skin and its diseases. In the UK, dermatology is a subspecialty of general medicine. ▪ Emergency medicine (急诊医学) is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of acute or lifethreatening conditions, including trauma, surgical, medical, pediatric, and psychiatric emergencies. ▪ Obstetrics and gynecology (妇产科学) (often abbreviated as OB/GYN) are concerned respectively with childbirth and the female reproductive and associated organs. Reproductive medicine and fertility medicine are generally practiced by gynecological specialists. ▪ Palliative care (姑息护理) is a relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients with terminal illnesses including cancer and heart failure. ▪ Pediatrics (儿科学) is devoted to the care of infants, children, and adolescents. Like internal medicine, there are many pediatric subspecialties for specific age ranges, organ systems, disease classes, and sites of care delivery. ▪ Physical medicine and rehabilitation (or physiatry) (物理医学和康复【物理疗法】) is concerned with functional improvement after injury, illness, or congenital disorders. ▪ Psychiatry (精神病学) is the branch of medicine concerned with the bio-psycho-social study of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cognitive, perceptual, emotional and behavioral disorders. Related non-medical fields include psychotherapy and clinical psychology
Interdisciplinary fields General practice, family practice, family medicine or primary care(E+E=)is, in many countries, the first port-of-call for patients wit h non-emergency medical problems Many other health science(健康科学) fields, e.g. dietetics(营养学) Bioethics(生物伦理学) is a field of study which concerns the relationship between biology, scIence, medicine and ethics philosophy and theology Biomedical Engineering(生物医学工程) is a field dealing with the application of engineering principles to medical practice Clinical pharmacology(临床药理学) isconcerned with how systems of therapeutics interact with patients. Conservation medicine(*tp IE )studies the relationship between human and animal health, and environmental conditions. Also known as ecological medicine, environmental medicine, or medical geology Disaster medicine(x xf E F)deals with medical aspects of emergency preparedness, disaster mitigationand managemen Diving medicine(i k[ )(or hyperbaric medicine)is the prevention and treatment of diving-related problems Evolutionary medicine(itll I )is a perspective on medicine derived through applying evolutionary theory Forensic medicine(it [E )deals with medical questions in legal context, such as determination of the time and cause of death Gender-based medicine(it s E )studies the biological and physiological differences between the human sexes and howthat affects differences in disease Hospital medicine(EE B E F)is the general medical care of hospitalized patients. Physicians whose primary professional focus is hospital medicine are called hospitalistsinthe USA Medical humanities(医学人文学) includes the humanities(literature, philosophy, ethics, history and religion),sol science(anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, sociology), and the arts(literature, theater, film, and visual arts)and their applicationto medical education and practice Medical informatics(医学信息学) medical computer science, medical information and eHealth are relatively recent fields that deal with the application of computers and information technology to medicine
General practice, family practice, family medicine or primary care (全科医学) is, in many countries, the first port-of-call for patients with non-emergency medical problems. Many other health science (健康科学) fields, e.g. dietetics (营养学) Bioethics (生物伦理学)is a field of study which concerns the relationship between biology, science, medicine and ethics, philosophy and theology. Biomedical Engineering (生物医学工程) is a field dealing with the application of engineering principles to medical practice. Clinical pharmacology (临床药理学) is concerned with how systems of therapeutics interact with patients. Conservation medicine (保护医学) studies the relationship between human and animal health, and environmental conditions. Also known as ecological medicine, environmental medicine, or medical geology. Disaster medicine (灾难医学) deals with medical aspects of emergency preparedness, disaster mitigation and management. Diving medicine (潜水医学) (or hyperbaric medicine) is the prevention and treatment of diving-related problems. Evolutionary medicine (进化医学) is a perspective on medicine derived through applying evolutionary theory. Forensic medicine (法医学) deals with medical questions in legal context, such as determination of the time and cause of death. Gender-based medicine (性别医学) studies the biological and physiological differences between the human sexes and how that affects differences in disease. Hospital medicine (医院医学) is the general medical care of hospitalized patients. Physicians whose primary professional focus is hospital medicine are called hospitalists in the USA. Medical humanities (医学人文学) includes the humanities (literature, philosophy, ethics, history and religion), social science (anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, sociology), and the arts (literature, theater, film, and visual arts) and their application to medical education and practice. Medical informatics (医学信息学), medical computer science, medical information and eHealth are relatively recent fields that deal with the application of computers and information technology to medicine
Interdisciplinary fields Nosology(疾病分类学) is the classification of diseases for various purposes Preventive medicine(预防医学) is the branch of medicine concerned with preventing disease Community health(iE E#)or publichealth is an aspect of health services concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on populat ion health analysis Occupational medicine(4 kI F)'s prindpal role is the provision of health advice to organizations and individuals to ensure that the highest standards of health and safetyat ork can be achieved and maintained Aerospace medicine(航空航天医学) deals with medical problems related to flying andspace travel Osteopathic medicine(骨病医学, a branch of the u. 5. medical profession Pharmacogenomics(药理基因学) is a form of individualized medicine Sportsmedicine(iE ih F)deals with thetreatment and preventive care of athletes, amateur and professional. The team includes specialty physicians and surgeons, athletictrainers, physical therapists, coaches, other personnel, and, of course, the athlete Therapeutics(6 7)is the field, more commonly referenced in earlier periods of history, ofthe various remedies that an be used to treat disease and promote health [1] Travel medicine(Gk E )or emporiatrics deals with health problems ofinternational travelers or travelers across highly different environments Professions complementing physicians Nursing specialties(护理专业 specialties perfomed by Nurses. Mid-level practitioners(p s+# yF): performance of medical sciences by other certified people than physicians or nurses; Nurse practitioners, practitioners of medical sychology, midwives and physician assistants, treat patients and prescribe medication in many jurisdictions Allied health professions(健康相关职业 a diverse set of clinical healthcare professions distinct from medidne and nursing Urgent care(& ittp y )focuses on delivery of unscheduled, walk-in care outside of the hospital emergency department for injuries and illnesses that are not severe enough to require care in an emergency department. In some jurisdictions thi function is combined with the emergency room Veterinary medicine(B E F); veterinarians apply similar techniques as physiciansto the care of animals
Nosology (疾病分类学)is the classification of diseases for various purposes. Preventive medicine (预防医学) is the branch of medicine concerned with preventing disease. ▪ Community health (社区卫生) or public health is an aspect of health services concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ▪ Occupational medicine (职业医学) 's principal role is the provision of health advice to organizations and individuals to ensure that the highest standards of health and safety at work can be achieved and maintained. ▪ Aerospace medicine (航空航天医学) deals with medical problems related to flying and space travel. Osteopathic medicine (骨病医学), a branch of the U.S. medical profession. Pharmacogenomics (药理基因学)is a form of individualized medicine. Sports medicine (运动医学) deals with the treatment and preventive care of athletes, amateur and professional. The team includes specialty physicians and surgeons, athletic trainers, physical therapists, coaches, other personnel, and, of course, the athlete. Therapeutics (治疗学) is the field, more commonly referenced in earlier periods of history, of the various remedies that can be used to treat disease and promote health [1]. Travel medicine (旅行医学) or emporiatrics deals with health problems of international travelers or travelers across highly different environments. Professions complementing physicians ▪ Nursing specialties (护理专业): specialties performed by Nurses. ▪ Mid-level practitioners (中级专业医师): performance of medical sciences by other certified people than physicians or nurses; Nurse practitioners, practitioners of medical psychology, midwives and physician assistants, treat patients and prescribe medication in many jurisdictions. ▪ Allied health professions (健康相关职业): a diverse set of clinical healthcare professions distinct from medicine and nursing. Urgent care (急救护理) focuses on delivery of unscheduled, walk-in care outside of the hospital emergency department for injuries and illnesses that are not severe enough to require care in an emergency department. In some jurisdictions this function is combined with the emergency room. Veterinary medicine (兽医学); veterinarians apply similar techniques as physicians to the care of animals
Branches of medicine(中国分类) 基础医学 人体解剖学、组织学和胚胎学、生理学、生物化学、 微生物学、寄生虫学、免疫学、病理学、病理生理 学、分子生物学、医学遗传学、药理学 日公共卫生与预防医学 临床医学 口腔医学 中医学 法医学 ■护理学 药学
基础医学： ▪ 人体解剖学、组织学和胚胎学、生理学、生物化学、 微生物学、寄生虫学、免疫学、病理学、病理生理 学、分子生物学、医学遗传学、药理学 公共卫生与预防医学 临床医学 口腔医学 中医学 法医学 护理学 药学
Basic Medical sciences Morphological courses 人体解剖学、组织学和胚胎学、病理学 Functional courses 生理学、病理生理学、药理学、生物化学、分 子生物学、免疫学 Mixed courses 医学遗传学、微生物学、寄生虫学
Morphological courses: ▪ 人体解剖学、组织学和胚胎学、病理学 Functional courses: ▪ 生理学、病理生理学、药理学、生物化学、分 子生物学、免疫学 Mixed courses: ▪ 医学遗传学、微生物学、寄生虫学