Small effective molecules mediated signaling ligand Recepto Relay protein or transmitor Plasms membrane ctor Sw Small effective molecules Intracellular signaling proteins Terminal target proteins ( Metabolic enzyme, latent target genes regulatory protein, cytoskeletonal protein Altered metabolism gene expression cell shape or movement
Effector ligand Terminal target proteins Relay protein or transmitor Small effective molecules Intracellular signaling proteins Small effective molecules mediated signaling （Metabolic enzyme，latent target genes regulatory protein，cytoskeletonal protein） Altered metabolism gene expression cell shape or movement Plasms membrane Receptor
Signaling pathway via intracellular signaling proteins rather than secondary. messenger membrane EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL MOLECULE RECEPTOR PROTEIN espprm INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PROTEINS 83 TARGET PROTEINS gene regulatory cytoskeletal enzyme protein protein altered altered altered cell metabolism expres h movement
membrane Signaling pathway via intracellular signaling proteins rather than secondary messenger
extracellular signal molecule eceptor protein 2) Proteins in signaling latent gene regulatory protein asme membrane CYTOSOL relay proteins oOooOOOO intracellula messenger protein NUCLEUS ctivated gene DNA GENE TRANSCRIPTION
2) Proteins in signaling
3)The action of intracellular signaling protein Active ATP ADP Receptor Adapter Signaling enzymes
3) The action of intracellular signaling protein
()Phosphorylation by protein kinases and dephosphorylation by protein phosphatases The role of phosphatases in cell signaling 1. Kinases and phosphatases have opposite effects on their substrate a. Some phosphatases are multifunctional; others are specific b. Most phosphatases remove phosphates from either serine and threonine residues or tyrosine residues
(1)Phosphorylation by protein kinases and dephosphorylation by protein phosphatases