文章的基本结构 文章的基本结构就是指文章的文脉,即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。另外,我们将 主题的展开方式题也归在这一类,常见的提问方式有 How is the passage mainly developed? The passage is developed mainly by How is the text organized? Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? 解答此类题,仍采用略读法,重点阅读首尾段以及中间各段的首尾句,根据各段主旨及 各段内在的逻辑关系来进行判断。另外,需掌握以下文体结构和说明方式的基础知识: 1.议论文的基本结构有“论点(总)一论据(分:可以有两个或多个论据)一结论(总)” 或“总一分”或“分一总”三类。 2.一个段落一般由表达核心思想的主题句( topic sentence)、围绕主题句而展开的支 撑句子( supporting sentences)和结论句( concluding sentence)组成。 3.说明文中常用的说明方式主要有:时间顺序 (order of time)、空间顺序( order of space)、逻辑顺序(如:原因与结果、现象与本质等)、举例子( providing examples)、作 比较( making comparisons)、分析原因( analyzing)、作诠释( giving explanations)、分 类别、列数字、打比方、下定义、列图表、作引用、作假设、对比说明相异、类比说明相似 巧学活用 阅读下列短文节选,从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中,选出最佳选项 1. In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength. For ten hours a night, i took boxes that rolled down a metal track and piled them onto a truck. I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so poor. I was paid the lowest wage of that time-two dollars an hour. But even more than the low pay, what made me unhappy was the working conditions
6 文章的基本结构 文章的基本结构就是指文章的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。另外，我们将 主题的展开方式题也归在这一类，常见的提问方式有： How is the passage mainly developed? The passage is developed mainly by________． How is the text organized? Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? 解答此类题，仍采用略读法，重点阅读首尾段以及中间各段的首尾句，根据各段主旨及 各段内在的逻辑关系来进行判断。另外，需掌握以下文体结构和说明方式的基础知识： 1．议论文的基本结构有“论点(总)—论据(分：可以有两个或多个论据)—结论(总)” 或“总—分”或“分—总”三类。 2．一个段落一般由表达核心思想的主题句(topic sentence)、围绕主题句而展开的支 撑句子(supporting sentences)和结论句(concluding sentence)组成。 3．说明文中常用的说明方式主要有：时间顺序(order of time)、空间顺序(order of space)、逻辑顺序(如：原因与结果、现象与本质等)、举例子(providing examples)、 作 比较 (making comparisons)、分析原因(analyzing)、作诠释(giving explanations)、分 类别、列数字、打比方、下定义、列图表、作引用、作假设、对比说明相异、类比说明相似 等。 阅读下列短文节选，从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 项中，选出最佳选项。 1．In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant.The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength.For ten hours a night, I took boxes that rolled down a metal track and piled them onto a truck. I would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had not been so poor.I was paid the lowest wage of that time—two dollars an hour. But even more than the low pay, what made me unhappy was the working conditions
During work I was limited to two ten-minute breaks and an unpaid half hour for lunch. I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. by the time I left I was determined never to go back there agai How is the text organized? A. Topic-Argument-Explanation B. Opinion--Discussion--Description C. Main ideaComparison--Supporting examples D. Introduction--Supporting examples--Conclusion 解析:本文作者在第一段首先讲述曾做过多种工作,但这些工作都不像作者在苹果工 厂的工作那样可怕,这项工作辛苦、工资低和工作条件差,由此引出在该厂的工作经历 ( introduction):中间三段分别描述在该厂工作是如何的辛苦、工作条件是何等的差 ( supporting examples):最后一段得出“再也不愿意做”的结论( conclusion)。 答案:D 2. Unfortunately, not all of Moms advice passed the test of medical studies. For example, generations of children have been told not to go swimming within an hour after eating. But research suggests that there is no danger in doing so Do sweets cause tooth problems? Well yes and no Sticky sweets made with grains tend to cause more problems than sweets made with simple sugars The author develops the paragraph mainly A. by cause and effect B. by order in space order in time 解析:本篇作者首先提出观点“不幸的是,母亲的忠告并不都是经得起医学研究的检验 的”。接着用 for example引出,举了“在吃饭后一个小时内不要游泳”“糖果会引起牙病 两条忠告与研究结果不完全相符的事实来证明作者的观点。本题的展开方式是举例 答案:D 3. Armstrong showed a great talent for music when he was taught to play the cornet(g5) at a boy's home In his late teens, Armstrong began to live the life
7 During work I was limited to two tenminute breaks and an unpaid half hour for lunch. I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again. How is the text organized? A．Topic—Argument—Explanation B．Opinion—Discussion—Description C．Main idea—Comparison—Supporting examples D．Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion 解析：本文作者在第一段首先讲述曾做过多种工作，但 这些工作都不像作者在苹果工 厂的工作那样可怕，这项工作辛苦、工资低和工作条件差，由此引出在该厂的工作经历 (introduction)；中 间三段分别描述在该厂工作是如何的辛苦、工作条件是何等的差 (supporting examples)；最后一段得出“再也不愿意做”的结论(conclusion)。 答案：D 2．Unfortunately, not all of Mom's advice passed the test of medical studies.For example, generations of children have been told not to go swimming within an hour after eating.But research suggests that there is no danger in doing so.Do sweets cause tooth problems? Well ，yes and no.Sticky sweets made with grains tend to cause more problems than sweets made with simple sugars. The author develops the paragraph mainly_______________. A．by cause and effect B．by order in space C．by order in time D．by examples 解析：本篇作者首先提出观点“不幸的是，母亲的忠告并不都是经得起医学研究的检验 的”。接着用for example引出，举了“在吃饭后一个小时内不要游泳”“糖果会引起牙病” 两条忠告与研究结果不完全相符的事实来证明作者的观点。本题的展开方式是举例。 答案：D 3. Armstrong showed a great talent for music when he was taught to play the cornet(短号) at a boy's home.In his late teens, Armstrong began to live the life