生态学 侯学煜:研究生物与其周围环 境(包括非生物环境与生物环 境)相互关系的科学 生态 学 生 环境
生态学 侯学煜：研究生物与其周围环 境（包括非生物环境与生物环 境）相互关系的科学。 生态学 生物 环境
地球约存在46亿年,35亿年前出现生物(菌藻类),恐龙 23亿年前出现,六千五百万年前消失;人类已存在大约 400万年
c 地球约存在46亿年，35亿年前出现生物（菌藻类），恐龙 2.3亿年前出现，六千五百万年前消失；人类已存在大约 400万年
Ecology is the study of organisms in relation to the surrounds in which they live. These surrounds are called the environment of organism. This environment is made up of many different components, include other/ living organisms and their effects, and purely physical features such as the climate and soil type. Ecologist, those who study/ecology are always aiming to/understand how an organism fits into its environment Ecology principles and applications J.L. Chapman and M.J. Reiss, Cambridge Universi(wiess, 1999
Ecology is the study of organisms in relation to the surrounds in which they live. These surrounds are called the environment of organism. This environment is made up of many different components,include other living organisms and their effects,and purely physical features such as the climate and soil type. Ecologist, those who study ecology ,are always aiming to understand how an organism fits into its environment. Ecology principles and applications----------------------- J.L.Chapman and M.J.Reiss,Cambridge University Press,1999
Ecology can be defined as the study of relationships between organisms and the environment. Humans have been students of ecology as long as we have existed as a species. Our survival has dependent upon how well we could observe variations in the environment and predict the responses of organism to the variations Ecology: Concepts and icons Manuel C Molles,Jr. Mcgrai ompanies, Inc. 2000 Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment.The‘ environment’isa combination of the physical environment and any influences on an organism exerted by other organism the biotic environments Instant Notes in Ecology----A. Mackenzie, A.s. Ball and SR Bie scientifc pubiishers timited 998
Ecology can be defined as the study of relationships between organisms and the environment. Humans have been students of ecology as long as we have existed as a species. Our survival has dependent upon how well we could observe variations in the environment and predict the responses of organism to the variations. Ecology: Concepts and Applications----------------------- Manuel C.Molles,Jr. McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. 2000 Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. The ‘environment’ is a combination of the physical environment and any influences on an organism exerted by other organismthe biotic environments. Instant Notes in Ecology----A.Mackenzie, A.S.Ball and S.R.Virdee,BIO Scientific Publishers Limited,1998
生态学主要研究的问题(4W ·生物的分布格局与规律在哪里 Where) 生物的时空量度:有多少( When and how many) 决定生物分布与量度的内在与外在原因: 为什么(Why) 发展生产力、稳定与改善环境与 途径:( What can be done)
生态学主要研究的问题(4W) •生物的分布格局与规律:在哪里(Where) •生物的时空量度:有多少(When and how many) •决定生物分布与量度的内在与外在原因: 为什么(Why) •发展生产力、稳定与改善环境的原则与 途径:(What can be done)