·14·PARTI LOCOMOTORSYSTEMjaithe pelvis cradles digestive and reproductive organs.bwasadarlleswihhe aohaolaiuajnh3.LeverageaThe bones act as levers during movement. Theyucan change the magnitude and direction of the forcestheinferorsurfaceis rough and presents thecogenerated by skeletal muscles.tubercle and trapezoid line.The clavicle is subcutaneous and can be palpaef.Storage of mineralsthoughout isengthhmotommonsieofuresthjunctionothmeadaealiBones are the storehouse of calcium and phospho-the bone, which is the weakest point.rus.The body of an adult contains I-2 kg of calcium,of which more than 97% is deposited in the bones.Acromial endShaftof clavicleStemal end5.HaemopoiesisRed bone marrow is the sites for development ofblood cells, e.g.erythrocytes, some granulocytes,Conoid tuberclelymphocytes,monocytes and platelets.Acromial endSection 2Bones ofSternal endLimbsLimbs articulate with the trunk by the shouldergirdle and pelvic girdle, respectively. The upperConoid tubercleandtrapezoid lineStermal articularfacerlimb is characterized by considerable mobility andFig.I-1-7 The clavicle (superior and inferior view)is adapted for grasping and manipulating.The lowerlimb is specialized for locomotion, bearing weight,(2) ScapulaThescapula lies onthe posterolaterland maintaining equilibrium, for this reason, theaspectofthethoracic cage,overlying the 2nd tobones of lower limbs are more massive than those ofrianguawithwsurfaupper limbs.three borders, and three angles (Fig.I-1-8, 9).TwosurfacesarethanteriorandtheserirThaoroaurfainaeandoI .Bones of Upper LimbacapularoahdfaaredandissudivdwparThe bones of upper limb include the shoulder gir-udle and the bones of free upper limb.houowthuoaul1.Shoulder girdlewhcexaThe shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle andtowards medially to articulate with the clavicle.the scapula.(1) Clavicle The clavicle (Fig.I -1-7) lies almostohorizontally between the sternum and the acromion ofscapula, anterolateral to the superior aperture of thethoracic cage. It is“~"shaped with two ends and ashaft.The medialor stermal end is rounded and articuillary border is thick.lates withthe manubrium sternibythesternoclavicu-E口扫描全能王创建口
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ChapterlOsteology·15CoracoidprocessScapular notchSuperior angleAcromionSuperior borderGlenoid cavityLateral angleSubscapularfossaInfraglenoid tubercleMedial borderLateral borderInferior angleFig.-1-8 The scapula (anterior view)Coracoid processAcromionSuperior angleLateral angleSupraspinousfossaNeckof scapulaSpine of scapulaInfraglenoid tubercleInfraspinousfossaLateral borderMedial border.Fig.I-1-9 The scapula (posterior view)cess, with its inferior angle can be palpated.Three angles include the superior,the inferior andthe lateral.The superior angle is between the superiorand medial borders, and is at the level of the 2nd rib.Bones of free upper limbThe inferior angle is between the medial and lateralborders, at the level of the 7th rib or 7th intercostalThe bones of free upper limb include the humerusspace. It is a landmark for determination of the se-in the arm; the ulna and radius in the forearm; and thequential order of ribs in the back. The lateral angle iscarpal bones, the metacarpal bones and the phalangesbroad andbarstheparshapedglenidcavity,whchof fingers in the hand.isdrdlatallyowardsanduwarstoarulate with the head of humerus toform the shoulder(1) HumerusjointAboveandblow thecavityarewoprocssesthe supraglenoid tubercle and infraglenoid tubercle,The humerus, the longest and largest bone of theforattachmentofmuscles.upper limb, lies in the arm.It is a long bone and hasThe threelarge procsses ofthe scapula, i.e.thean upper end, a lower end and a body or shaft (Fig.spine ofscapula,the acromion andthecoracoidpro1-1-10, 11),口口扫描全能王创建05可
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18·PARTI LOCOMOTORSYSTEMThe olecranon, styloid process and head of heus in the forearm. It is also a long bone and is divisi-uare papabeheaxofthestloid prcsble into abody or shaftand two ends (Fig.1-1-12,13)radius is about I cm lower than that of the ulna.The upper or proximal end is large and presentstwo processes, the olecranon projecting upwards(4) Bones of handand forwards, and the coronoid process projectingforwards below the olecranon.The trochlear notch isThe bones ofhandincludethree parts, the capala curved area formed by the anterior surface of olec-bmaaldphaafinranon and the superior surface of coronoid process, it(Fig.I-1-14, 15) .articulates with the trochlea of humerus to form the1) Carpal bonesThe carpal bones are cighthumeroulnar joint. The depression on the lateral sideof coronoid process is the radial notch which articu-in number, and are arranged in two rows. Those inlates with thearticular circumference of radial head tothe proximalrow,from theradial to the ulnar side.form the superior radioulnar joint. Anteroinferior toare named the scaphoid bone, lunate bone,triquetralthe coronoid process is the ulnar tuberosity.bone, and pisiform bone, of which the former threeThe proximal part of the shaft is thick, but thetogether form the distal articular surface of the wrstdistal part becomes thin. It has three borders, thejoint. The distal row contains, in the same order, theanterior,posterior and lateral,and three surfaces, thetrapezium bone, trapezoid bone, capitate bone,andanterior,posterior and medial.The lateral border ishamate bone.They are short bones, each of them issharp and is called the interosseous border.roughly cuboidal in shape and has six surfaces, theThe lower or distal end of ulna is made up of theproximal,distal,medial,lateral,palmar and dorsal.head and styloid process.The head ofulna is rounded,The carpal bones are not arranged in a sameand articulates with the ulnarnotch of radius to formcoronal plane, the dorsal surface of them is roughlythe inferior radioulnar joint. It is separated from theconvex, but the palmar surface forms a deep concay-wrist joint by an articular disc.The styloid process ofity called the carpal groove. Of the carpal bones, theulna projects downwardsfrom theposteromedial sidefracture of scaphoid bone is quite common.of thelowerend2Tuberosityof phalanxTrochleaofphalanxDistal phalanxShaft ofphalanxMiddlephalanxBaseofphalanxProximal phalanySthmetacarpalbonIstmetacarpalboneHamulus of hamateTrapezoidboneHamate boneTrapeziumboneTriquetral boneScaphoidbonePisiformboCapitateboneLunateboneFig.I-1-14Bones of hand (anterior view)O3扫描全能王创建O
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Chapterl Osteology·19.DistalphalanxMiddlephalanxProximal phalanxHeadofmetaShaftofmetacarpal bone5SthmetacarpalboneBaseofmetacarpalboneHamateboneIstmetacarpal boneTriquetral boneTrapeziumbonePisiformboneTrapezoid boneCapitate boneScaphoid boneLunate boneFig.I-1-15 Bones of hand (posterior view)II.Bones of LowerLimb2) Metacarpal bones The metacarpal bones arefive in number,and numberedonetofivefrom lateralThebonesof lowerlimbarecomposedof theto medial side. Each of them is a long bone and has apelvic girdle and the bones of free lower limb.Thebase at the proximal end, a head placed distally, andpelvicgirdle is connected with the sacrum and coccyxa body or shaff in between. The base articulates withto form the bony pelvis.the carpal bone, while the head-articulates with theproximal phalanx of digit. The first metacarpal bone1.Pelvic girdleis shorter and stouter than the others, and its baseis saddle shaped for articulating with the trapeziumThe pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones,bone.It isrotated mediallythrough90°relative to thewhich articulate posteriorly with the sacrum and meetother metacarpals.infront at thepubic symphysis.The pelvicgirdle, the3) Phalanges of fingers The phalanges of fin-sacrum and coccyx together form the bony pelvis.gers are fourteen in number, each of the medial fourThe hip bones is an irregular bone, constricted infingers has three, called the proximal phalanx,midthe middle and expended above and below. Each hipde phalanx and distal phalanx,respectively;but theboneof anewbomconsists ofthreebones:asuperiorthmbhasolywotproxmaladdisilium,a posteroinferior ischium, and an anteroinferiorphalanx is a long bone and consists ofa body or shafpubis. Until puberty these bones are separated by aand two ends. The proximal end is called the base,cartilage; they are fused at 15-17 years of age, and lit-thedistalend is the head, and the shaf lies betweenthe base and head.Ontheproximalandmiddlephatle or no trace of fusion is visible in adult.The area oflangeadarseaphaabuttfusion is a deep fossa called the acetabulum which isheadofdistalpalanxisnonricularandcaldthdirected extermally and articulates with thehead of fetuberosity of distal phalanx.mur to form the hip joint.The pubis and ischium areseparated by the obturator foramen (Fig.1-1-16, 17).口RT2扫描全能王创建口
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·22·PARTI LOCOMOTORSYSTEMTrochantericfossaFoveaof femoral headGreatertrochanterGreater trochanterFemoral headIntertrochantericcrestNeckoffemurIntertrochanteric lineGluteal tuberosityLessertrochantePectineal lirShaftoffemurLinea asperaMedial lipLateral lipPopliteal surfaceLateral epicondyleIntercondylar lineAdductor tubercleLateralepicondyleMedial epicondyleLateral condylePatellar surfaceIntercondylar fossaFig.1-1-18 Femur (anterior and posterior view)The upper end consists of a head, a neck, andThe body or shaft of femur is more or less cylin-two trochanters, the greater and the lesser. The headdrical above,prismatic in themiddle,and somewhatof femur is a globular projection directing medially,flattened below,and it is slightly convexforwards.Itsupwards and slightly forwards, for articulating withmiddle part has three borders, the medial, lateral andthe acetabulum to form the hip joint. The fovea ofposterior, and three surfaces, the anterior,medial andfemoral head is a roughened pit near the centre oflateral.The posterior border is a prominent longitudi-the head, to which the ligament of femoral head isnal ridge or crest known as the linea aspera which hasattached. The neck of femur connects the head witha lateral lip and a medial lip.The lateral lip continuesthe shaft, and forms a neck-shaft angle (115°-1400)superolaterally as the gluteal tuberosity which giveswith the latter. The angle opens medially and variesattachment to the gluteus maximus muscle; and thewith age and sex. At the junction of the neck and themedial lip continues superomedially as the pectinealshaft there are two elevations, the superolateral oneline which gives attachment to the pectineus muscle.is the greater trochanter which is a large quadrangu-Distally,two lips oflinea aspera diverge as the mediallar prominencebearing the trochanteric fossa on itssupracondylar line and the lateral supracondylar linemedial surface; and the inferomedial one is the lesserto enclose the popliteal surface.trochanter which is a conical eminence. Between theThe lower end of femur is widely expanded totwo trochanters, there are the intertrochanteric lineform two oblong prominences known as the medialanteriorly and the intertrochanteric crest posteriorly.condyle and the lateral condyle. Anteriorly, two con-口R2D扫描全能王创建D
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