CODE OF ETHICSAmerican MedicalCodeof EthicsandArbitration ManualAssociation (AMA) in 18472017greater detail and clarity一understandingseveral necessarytruPrevisions三appealsvaluesinformation-largely reflecting changesntegrityconductcooperationin medical technology andstandardsin the social climatemediationR
CODE OF ETHICS • American Medical Association (AMA) in 1847 • greater detail and clarity • several necessary revisions • largely reflecting changes in medical technology and in the social climate
NUREMBERGCODEDoctor's Trial ofDoctor's Trial1947 Germanyagainst Karl Brandt and 22 othersseveral Naziphysicians accusedof humanexperimentationpractices thatincluded tortureand murder
NUREMBERG CODE • Doctor’s Trial of 1947 Germany • several Nazi physicians accused of human experimentation practices that included torture and murder Doctor’s Trial against Karl Brandt and 22 others
NUREMBERGCODELargely relying on the principles of theOath of Hippocrates and establishedstandards of medical ethics at the timelandmark document for promotinghumanrightsprotectioninresearchbasis for all modern day researchregulations that protect the participants
NUREMBERG CODE • Largely relying on the principles of the Oath of Hippocrates and established standards of medical ethics at the time • landmark document for promoting human rights protection in research • basis for all modern day research regulations that protect the participants
NUREMBURGCODE#iThe voluntary consentof the human subjectis absolutely essential.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-LyS6G9PbQAM&t-8m28s
THETENPOINTSOFTHENUREMBERGCODE1. Required is the voluntary, well-informed, understandingconsent of the human subject in a full legal capacity.2.The experiment should aim at positive results forsociety that cannot be procured in some other way.3.It should be based on previous knowledge (like, anexpectation derived from animal experiments) thatjustifies the experiment.4.The experiment should be set up in a way that avoidsunnecessary physical and mental suffering and injuries5.It should not be conducted when there is any reason tobelieve that it implies a risk of death or disabling injury
THE TEN POINTS OF THE NUREMBERG CODE 1. Required is the voluntary, well-informed, understanding consent of the human subject in a full legal capacity. 2. The experiment should aim at positive results for society that cannot be procured in some other way. 3. It should be based on previous knowledge (like, an expectation derived from animal experiments) that justifies the experiment. 4. The experiment should be set up in a way that avoids unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injuries. 5. It should not be conducted when there is any reason to believe that it implies a risk of death or disabling injury