SUPERSTRINGS AND OTHER THINGS A GUIDE TO PHYSICS CARLOS I CALLE NASA Kennedy space center loP Institute of Physics Publishing Bristol and Philadelphia
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CONTENTS PREFACE PaRt 1: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS 1 PHYSICS: THE FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE 3 What is physics? The scientific method: learning from our mistakes Physics and other sciences Sizes of things: measuremen Fundamental units Physics and mathematics 3589 Frontiers of physics: Very small numbers Pioneers of physics: Measuring the circumference of the Earth PaRT 2: THE LAWS OF MECHANICS THE DESCRIPTION OF MOTION Understanding motion Uniform motion 55% The frontiers of physics: Friction Instantaneous speed Velocity: Speed and direction Vectors Acceleration 901145 Uniformly accelerated motion Falling bodies The motion of projectiles
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SUPERSTRINGS AND OTHER THINGS 3 THE LAWS OF MECHANICS NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION The concept of force The ancient idea of motion The birth of modern science Pioneers of physics: Galileo's dialog with aristotle Galileo formulates the law of Inertia Physics in our world: The Leaning Tower of pisa Newton's First Law: Law of inertia Physics in our world: Car seat belt ewton's Second Law: Law of force Newton's Third Law: Law of action and reaction 4 ENERGY What is energy? The concept of work 3457802569222667 Units of work and energy The concept of energy Pioneers of Physics: James Prescott Joule(1818-1889) The work-energy theorem Conservative and nonconservative forces 5 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND MOMENTUM Transformation of energy The principle of conservation of energy The energy of mass Efficiency pioneers of physics: The phnysicists'letters Power Physics in our world: Automobile efficiency Impulse and momentum Physics in our world: Air bags Conservation of momentum 888888888999 Elastic and inelastic collisions Cannons and rockets 6 ROTATION AND THE UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION Rotational motion The frontiers of physics: CD-ROM drives 91m Torque and angular momentum
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Physics in our world: Twisting cats Satellites Origins of our view of the universe 110 Keplers laws of planetary motion 114 Newton,s law of universal gravitation The frontiers of physics: Measuring the distance to the Moon Spacecraft and orbital motion The frontiers of physics: The Global Positioning Satellite System 128 part 3: THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER Z ATOMS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE UNIVERSE The underlying structure of matter The Atomic Hypothesis concept of the ator irst models of the atom 346 Waves and quanta The bohr model of the atom 145 Molecules 147 Physics in our world: Winemaking 8 THE HEART OF THE ATOM THE NUCLEUS Raw material: Protons and neutrons Pioneers of physics: Heisenbergs failing grade The composition of the nucleus 153 The glue that keeps the nucleus together Size and shape of the nucleus Nuclear energy levels 9 FLUIDS 164 states of matter Buoyancy Surface tension and capillarity Fluids in motion The human cardiovascular system 6669868 Physics in our world: Curve balls
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SUPERSTRINGS AND OTHER THINGS PaRt 4: THERMODYNAMICS 10 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE Heat as a form of energy Pioneers of physics: Count Rumford Measuring temperature Temperature and heat Physics in our world: Thermography eat Heat of fusion and heat of vaporization Evaporation and boiling Physics in our world: Instant ice cream Humidity Thermal expansion 215 The unusual expansion of water 11 THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS The four laws of thermodynamics The ideal gas law 221 Physics in our world: Automobile engines The zeroth law of thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics The third law of thermodynamics The frontiers of physics: Entropy that organizes? Entropy and the origin of the Universe Entropy and the arrow of time Part 5: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 12 ELECTRICITY Electromagnetism Electric charge Coulombs law The electric field The fundamental charge The frontiers of physics: Electrostatics on Mars Electric potential he frontiers of physics: Storing single electrons Physics in our world: Inkjet pr
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