生产者 的5米20单位d 100 4单位 单位 水 1000 16单位d 单位 50单位 者 ot o +00 800 5000 20单位1d 单位 4单位/d 90 沉积层 表5-14一个池塘生态系统中营养物质的流通率、周转率和周转时间 周转率 流通率 周转时间/d 输出库 输入库 输出库 输入库 水体库→生产者库 20 0.02 0.20 50 生产者库→沉积层库 16 0.16 0.0032 6.25 312.5 生产者库→消费者库 4 0.04 0.08 25 12.5 消费者库→沉积层库 4 0.08 0.0008 12.5 1250 沉积层库→水体库 20 0.004 0.08 250 50
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分室模型 库(pool)、源(source)、汇(sink) 输 库存量 库存量 f12 输出 流动 土壤 植物 库存量的变化=输入+流入-流出-输出 12
12 X2 分室模型 库(pool)、源(source)、汇（sink） X1 输 入 输出 库存量 库存量 f12 f21 土壤 植物 流动 库存量的变化=输入+流入-流出-输出 Z Y2
Essential Elements for living organism Macro-element Micro-element Element for Element for 大量元素 微量元素 plant animal Carbon (C) Cobalt (Co) Boron (B) Florin (F) Hydrogen (H) Copper (Cu) lodine (0 Oxygen (O) Iron (Fe) Tin (Sn) Nitrogen () Manganese (Mn) Selenium (Se) Phosphorus(P) Molybdenum (Mo) Nickel (Ni) Potassium (K) Zinc (Zn) Vanadium (V) Calcium (Ca) Silicon (Si) Magnesium(Mg) Nickel (Ni) Sulfur (S) Chromium (Cr) Sodium (Na) Cadmium (Cd) Chlorine (C) 13
13 Essential Elements for living organism Sodium (Na) Cadmium (Cd) Sulfur (S) Chromium (Cr) Chlorine (Cl) Nickel (Ni) Silicon (Si) Zinc (Zn) Molybdenum (Mo) Manganese (Mn) Iron (Fe) Copper (Cu) Cobalt (Co) Micro-element 微量元素 Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca) Potassium (K) Vanadium (V) Phosphorus (P) Nickel (Ni) Nitrogen (N) Selenium (Se) Oxygen (O) Tin (Sn) Hydrogen (H) Iodine (I) Carbon (C) Boron (B) Florin (F) Element for animal Element for plant Macro-element 大量元素
Earth system we can subdivide the Earth system into: 1.atmosphere大气圈 2.hydrosphere 3.lithosphere 4.biosphere生物圈 lithosphere(geosphere)岩石圈 14
14 Earth system we can subdivide the Earth system into: 1. atmosphere 大气圈 2. hydrosphere 3. lithosphere 4. biosphere 生物圈 lithosphere （ geosphere ）岩石圈
All matter cycles.it is neither created nor destroyed. As the Earth is essentially a closed system with respect to matter,we can say that all matter on Earth cycles. Biogeochemical cycles:the movement(or cycling)of matter through a system 15
15 • All matter cycles.it is neither created nor destroyed. As the Earth is essentially a closed system with respect to matter, we can say that all matter on Earth cycles . Biogeochemical cycles: the movement (or cycling) of matter through a system