信号① 信号①+② APC lAP MHc① CD4 CD4 BCTLA cD28刺激 无能 活化并增殖 阻断B7 图151T细胞活化相关信号分子
化学信号分子的种类及特性 脂溶性( lipophilic)与水溶性( water-soluble) ·根据其作用距离范围,分三大类: 内分泌 endocrine)系统的化学信号:激素( hormone), 作用距离最远(m),膜受体或胞内受体 神经系统的化学信号:神经递质( neural transmitter), 如乙酰胆碱( acetyl- choline),作用距离最短(nm) 膜受体 旁分泌( paracrine)系统的化学信号:细胞因子,作用 于周围细胞(μm),膜受体 *自分泌( autocrine):作用于自身,仅限于病理条件,如肿瘤
化学信号分子的种类及特性 • 脂溶性(lipophilic)与水溶性(water-soluble) • 根据其作用距离范围,分三大类: – 内分泌(endocrine)系统的化学信号:激素(hormone), 作用距离最远(m),膜受体或胞内受体 – 神经系统的化学信号:神经递质(neural transmitter), 如乙酰胆碱(acetyl-choline),作用距离最短(nm), 膜受体 – 旁分泌(paracrine)系统的化学信号:细胞因子,作用 于周围细胞(μm),膜受体 * 自分泌(autocrine):作用于自身,仅限于病理条件,如肿瘤
Cell Signaling General Principles of Cell Signaling
Cell Signaling 一、General Principles of Cell Signaling
Human Genome Project has revealed that up to-20% of the 32, 000 human coding genes encode proteins involved in signal transduction, including transmembrane receptors, G-protein subunits and signal- generating enzymes
Human Genome Project has revealed that up to ~ 20% of the ~32,000 human coding genes encode proteins involved in signal transduction, including transmembrane receptors, G-protein subunits and signalgenerating enzymes
(A) ENDOCRINE (B) PARACRINE endocrine cell eceptor cell hormone target cells local bloodstream target cell URONAI (D) CONTACT-DEPENDENT synapse signaling cell target cell neuron axon cell neurotransmitter target cell membrane- bound signal molecule Forms of cell signaling
Forms of cell signaling