Open systems using gravity tanks, etc., are rarely met nowadays and Figure 1.8 shows a characteristic arrangement of pressure tanks, calorifiers and pumps for a large ship. The fresh water pumps are self-priming, drawing from storage tanks and discharging through filters to a rising main, branched to give a cold supply and a hot supply in closed circuit through a calorifier. A tank kept under pressure by an external supply of compressed air rests on the system and provides the head necessary

Oil fuel transfer arrangements provide for receiving stations at an upper deck level, port and starboard, furnished with valves, elbows, pressure gauges, filters and relief valves

A fire and bilge pump has suctions from sea, bilge main and engine room bilge, with discharges to fire main, oily water separator and overboard. A ballast pump has suctions from sea, ballast main, engine room , bilge direct and bilge main with discharges to overboard, the ballast main, the oily water separator and possibly, the main salt water circulating system

Air at high pressure, i.e. at 25 bar or more, is required for starting main and auxiliary engines in motorships. Air at low pressure, say at 6 bar or less is required for much remote or temperature or pressure controlled equipment, for which purpose it must be clean and oil-free

There are branch pipes to the separators and occasionally to the settling tanks (blanked). Other branch pipes lead to the deck filling lines (also blanked) so that the oil can be discharged ashore

In motorships the oil, after passing through main and motion bearings and oil-cooled pistons, etc., is either retained in the bedplate or flows by gravity to a sump tank. In either case, the oil pumps, which may be self￾priming, submerged centrifugal or rotary positive displacement, draw the oil through magnetic strainers and discharge to: filters - oil coolers - engine lubricating and/or cooling manifolds

In motorships there are two main circuits, one salt , one fresh. The salt circuit is: sea inlet box (seachest) - pump(s) - f.w. coolers in series (first LT then HT) – turbo blower aftercoolers in parallel (if any) – provision condenser in parallel (if any) - overboard

Provide for data logging, remote control and automatic action-pneumatic electro￾pneumatic, and electronic equipment, self￾regulating apparatus, etc. The chapter will give a general instruction above system and function. The other chapters of the book focus on the oil handling devices onboard

一、斜拉桥(cable-stayed bridge ) 的发展概况定义： 由梁、索、它三类构件组成，是一种桥面体系以加劲梁受压（密索）或受弯（稀索）为主，支承体系以斜拉索受拉及桥塔受压为主的桥梁

悬索桥是跨越能力最强的桥型之一，其雏形三千多年前已在 我国出现。 十九世纪末，悬索桥跨径突破300米，当时的遇到的问题是 活载挠度过大，曾通过增大加劲梁刚度来解决这一问题，主 梁高跨比用到1/40左右。1888年挠度理论诞生，使人们对悬 索桥结构的力学特性有了新的认识