◼ 罗马人的技术成就 ◼ 古典学术的衰落 ◼ 阿拉伯科学

感觉与知觉感觉

以语言为研究对象的科学，研究探索语言的本质、结构和发展规律。这本书是理论语言学的入门书，讲述三方面的问题：语言在社会中的地位和作用，语言的结成体系（语音、语汇和语义、语法），语言的发展变化。学生通过本课程的学习，能比较系统地掌握语言学的基本概念、基本理论和基础知识，为提高语言理论水平、进一步学习和深入研究其他语言课程奠定必要的语言理论基础。 第一章 语言的社会功能 第二章 语言是符号系统 第三章 语音 第四章 语法 第五章 词义 第六章 文字和书面语 第七章 语言随社会的发展而发展 第八章 语言的接触 第九章 语言系统的发展

Received bachelor’s degree in Hamilton College in New York, majored in English literature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by Robert Frost)

Received bachelor’s degree in Hamilton College in New York, majored in English literature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by Robert Frost)

Affiliation: Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg (Professor from 1890; Director from 1902); Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg Worked on the physiology of circulation and digestion In 1904,he won Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion

Thorndike called the association between sense impressions and impulses to action a bond or a connection. This marked the first formal attempt to link sensory events to behavior. Earlier brands of associationism attempted to show how ideas became linked together; thus Thorndike's

Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience

Learning is usually defined as a change in an individual caused by experience. Changes caused by development are not instances of learning. Neither are characteristics of individuals that are present at birth. However, human beings do so much learning from the day of their birth that learning and development are inseparably linked

Thorndike called the association between sense impressions and impulses to action a bond or a connection. This marked the first formal attempt to link sensory events to behavior. Earlier brands of associationism attempted to show how ideas became linked together; thus Thorndike's approach is quite different and can be regarded as the first modern theme, of learning. His emphasis