相平衡:研究一个多相系统达到相平衡时,温度、压力和各相组成间的关系

基本术语 混合物含有一种以上物质的均相系统,其中任何部分都具有相同的性质

热现象与力学现象 热力学—研究自然界中与热现象有关的各种状态变化和能量转化的规律的科学 0 Oth law:阐述热平衡特点 1 1st law:能量转化在数值上守恒 2 2nd law:阐述热和功的本质差别 3 3rd law:0K时恒温过程的熵变趋于零

1.物质的状态 三种主要的聚集状态 气体(g)、液体(1)和固体(s) 气体和液体流体(f) 液体和固体凝聚相(cd) 液晶——由棒状或扁盘状分子构成的物质可能处于的一种特殊的状态。有流动性,但分子有明显的取向,具有能产生光的双折射等晶体的特性

9. Aldehydes and Ketones Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

8.1 Naming Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Alcohols Methyl(C has 3 Hs), primary (1 )(C has two Hs, one R), secondary(2)(C has one h twoRs), tertiary (3)(C has no H,3R's)

What is an alkyl halide An organic compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (C-X) X(F, Cl, Br, Replaces h Can contain many C-X bonds

上海交通大学：《有机化学》教程教学资源（英文讲稿）06 Stereochemistry

5. Aromatic Compounds p: 153 Aromatic was used to described some fragrant compounds in early 19th century Not correct: later they are grouped by chemical behavior(unsaturated compounds that undergo substitution rather than addition Current: distinguished from aliphatic compounds by electronic configuration

4.1 Addition of hx to Alkenes. p100 Hydrohalogenation General reaction mechanism: electrophilic addition Attack of electrophile(such as hBr)on T bond of alkene Produces carbocation and bromide ion Carbocation is an electrophile, reacting with nucleophilic bromide ion