第一节市场失灵及解决对策 第二节 第三节政府干预下企业决策的若干问题

第一节市场类型的划分标准 第二节完全竞争厂商的均衡 第三节完全垄断厂商的均衡 第四节垄断竞争厂商的均衡 第五节寡头垄断厂商的均衡 第六节不同市场的比较

第一节供求法则 2.2.1需求分析(demand) 一、需求、需求表与需求曲线 二、影响需求的因素与需求函数 三、需求法则 四、需求的变动与需求量的变动

第一节生产函数 一、生产函数(Production Function 在一定时期内,在生产的技术水 平不变的情况下,生产中所投入的生 产要素的数量与其所能达到的最大产 量之间的一一对应的关系

一、多产品定价 1、需求上相互联系的产品定价 MRx=Q的边际收益+Q带来的Y产品 的边际收益的增加=MCx (Qx增加带来的Y产品的边际收益变化, 是两种商品的需求关系反映)

Weather derivatives: Definitions Heating degree days (HDD): For each day this is max(o, 65-4)where a is the average of the highest and lowest temperature in°F Cooling Degree Days(CDD): For each day this is max( o, A-65)

An alternative to the NPV Rule for Capital Investments Define stochastic processes for the key underlying variables and use risk- neutral valuation This approach (known as the real options approach) is likely to do a better job at valuing growth options, abandonment options, etc than NPV

Company a buys default protection from b to protect against default on a reference bond issued by the reference entity, C A makes periodic payments to In the event of a default by c A has the right to sell the reference bond to B for its face value

Credit ratings In the s&P rating system, AAA is the best rating. After that comes AA, A BBB. BB.B. and ccc The corresponding Moody's ratings are Aaa. Aa,a. Baa, Ba.b. and caa Bonds with ratings of BBB (or Baa) and above are considered to be investment grade

Valuation of Swaps The standard approach is to assume that forward rates will be realized This works for plain vanilla interest rate and plain vanilla currency swaps, but does not necessarily work for non- standard swaps