8.1 Major Modes of Regulation 8.2 Inhibiting Enzyme Activity 8.3 Modification of Enzymes 8.4 DNA Binding Proteins 8.5 Negative Control of Transcription:Repression and Induction 8.6 Positive Control of Transcription

4.10 Flagella and Motility 4.11 Gliding Motility 4.12 Bacterial Responses: Chemotaxis,Phototaxis, and other Taxes 4.13 Bacterial Cell Surface Structuresand Cell Inclusions 4.14 Gas Vesicles 4.15 Endospores

Lecture 2 1.5 The Historical Roots of Microbiology 1.6 Microbial Diversity and the Advent ofMolecular Microbiology 2.1 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure 2.2 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells 2.3 The Tree of Life

Lecture 1 1.1 Microbiology 1.2 Microorganisms as Cells 1.3 Microorganism and Their NaturalEnvironments 1.4 The Impact of Microorganisms onHumans

Cells reproduce via a cell cycle Meiosis is the key to sexual reproduction and Mendel’s rules Sex determination, sex linkage and chromosome nondisjunction supported the chromosome theory

Extensions of Mendelian Analysis Interactions between alleles of one gene. Multiple alleles, incomplete dominance, codominance Interactions between alleles of two genes. New phenotypes, epistasis Relationship between genotype & phenotype lethals, variable penetrance, conditional alleles

Genetics is a different biology class Reading, attending lectures Andunderstanding the concept-notmemorizing Do problem sets

Linkage: Alleles of two genes segregate together during meiosis

1 细菌耐药性逐年增加，致使一些抗生素的疗效 降低，甚至无效； 2 条件病原菌的出现，尤其是在免疫力低下的 宿主中，已经导致了治疗感染性疾病中的严重问 题。 （条件致病菌：有些细菌在正常情况下不 致病，但在特定条件下可以治病，这类细菌称为 条件致病菌或机会致病菌，比如居住部位的迁移； 机体免疫功能低下；菌群失调）

第一节 种子成熟时的生理、生化变化 第二节 果实成熟时的生理、生化变化 第三节 种子和延存器官的休眠 第四节 植物的衰老 第五节 植物器官的脱落