Lipids are a class of nonpolar molecules that include the fats, cholesterol, fatty acids, lipid-soluble vitamins, waxes, soaps, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and others. Lipids are found in the membranes of cells, the endoplasmic reticulum and in specialized fat storage cells called adipocytes. Example of lipids

Histones vs Nonhistone Histones are small, very basic proteins rich in lysine and arginine. The histones are the basic building blocks of chromatin structure. The nucleoids of prokaryotic cells also have proteins associated with DNA, but these proteins are quite different from the histones and do not seem to form a comparable chromatin structure. Nonhistone chromosomal proteins-The histones are accompanied

Recombinant DNA technology 1 Restriction enzymes Nucleic acid hybridization DNA cloning 4 Viruses 5 DNA sequencing 6 Polymerase chain reaction

H protein synthesis H1 The genetic code H2 Protein synthesis(translation) in prokaryotes H3 Translation in eukaryotes H4 Protein targeting H5 Protein glycosylation

Section M Nitrogen Metabolism M1. Nitrogen Fixation and Assimilation M2. Amino acid metabolism M3. The urea cycle M4. Hemes and chlorophylls

Section L Respiration and Energy L1. Citric acid cycle L2. Electron transport and oxidative hosphory lation L3. Photosynthesis

Section K Lipid metabolism K1. Structures and roles of fatty acids K2 Fatty acid breakdown K3. Fatty acid synthesis K4 Metabolism of triacylglycerols K5. Cholesterol metabolism K6 Lipoproteins

一,喙头蜥目 二,龟鳖目 三,蜥蜴目 四,蛇目

1. Hemoglobin is a multisubunit allosteric protein that carries 02 in erythrocyte. 1.1 Hemoglobin is a well-studied and well-understood protein. 1.1.1 It was one of the first proteins to have its molecular mass accurately determined. 1.1.2 The first protein to be characterized by ultracentrifuge. 1.1.3 The first protein to be associated with a specific physiological function

1. General studies of the peptide bond 1.1 The peptide(O=C-N-H) bond was found to be shorter than the C-N bond in a simple amine and atoms attached are coplanar. 1.1.1 This was revealed by X-ray diffraction studies of amino acids and of simple dipeptides and tripeptides. 1.1.2 The peptide (amide) bond was found to be about 1.32 A (C-N single bond, 1.49; C= double bond, 1.27), thus having partial double bond feature (should be rigid and unable to rotate freely)