1. Discovery of cell and the evolution of cell theory. (~1850s) MJ. Schleiden (1804-1884): Beitrage zur Phytogehesis(植物发 生论), Arch Anat Physiol 1838, 137-176

Whole cell movement; cell shaping; Intracellular movements; membrane fluidity 1. Whole cell movement

1. What is the purpose of glycosylation? Not only membrane glycolipids but nearly all of the proteins produced on membrane-bound ribosomes -integral membrane proteins, soluble enzymes in the lumens of EMS organelles and secretory proteins include parts of ECM- become glycoproteins

1. The molecule structure of IF （1) 10nm filament showing a similar spatial pattern asMT, to which they may be connected

一、染色体倒位的遗传 二、染色体易位的遗传

生物个体物质有规律地、不可逆增加， 导致个体体积扩大的生物学过程。 生长: 生物个体生长到一定阶段,通过特定方 式产生新的生命个体,即引起生命个体 数量增加的生物学过程

一、制备大量目的基因片段 二、重组DNA 三、宿主细胞 四、重组子的筛选 五、表达蛋白的收集，纯化

Using mutants to analyze the pathway or functions of genes Mutants have to be generated to analyze the pathway or functions of genes Saturation screening Overexpression Suppressor mutations Synthetic lethals Nonallelic noncomplementation

Overall Strategies Defense against complement Subversion of phagocytosis Subversion of immune responses

Types of chemotaxins – C5a attracts neutrophils and monocytes – Made by bacteria Peptide clipped off N-terminus (beginning with N￾formylmethionine) during peptide maturation after protein synthesis