Images removed due to copyright considerations See Fig. 2 in David J. Katzmann, Greg Odorizzi Scott D. Emr RECEPTOR DOWNREGULATION AND MULTIVESICULAR-BODY SORTING Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 3, 893-905(2002); doi: 10.1038/nrm973 See Fig. 7 in: Katzmann DJ, Stefan CJ, Babst M, Emr SD

Rip: REGULATED INTRAHENBRANE PROTEOLYSis .Site. spacifie membrae. prote2ses Substratey achivated by protcolytc procassing .. SREBP TF controlling rol metabohis IRE1 Unfolded protein response Notch APP \RoP*: REGULATED. UBiQUiTIN/PROTEASOME DEPENDENT PROCESSING\ type ERAD (ER zciakd dxgradatin) process involving proltoly'c procassing:

DISCOVERy OF THE ROLE OF UBIQUITIN IN PROTEIN DEGRADATION HISTORICAL FACTS Courtesy of Sam Griffiths-Jones. Used with permission Source: \Peptide models for protein beta-sheets hD thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001 8(1975)Ubiquitin was first isolated by Gideon Goldstein and colleagues from the thymus(reason why it was originally thought to be a thymic hormone)

What is Chromatin remodeling Chromatin remodeling(染色质重构)isan important epigenetic mechanism. Chemical modification of the protruding histone tails by the addition of acetyl methyl or phosphate groups can alter chromatin structure, which in turn influences the activity of adjacent genes

RNA polymerase transcribes genes How is this process regulated? How is specificity achieved? Key players transcriptional activator proteins -bind to specific sites on DNA and turn on the expression of nearby genes. Two adhesive surfaces one binds DNA, the other interacts with, and recruits RNA polymerase

Muscle cells But if in the same organIsm, should have the same DNA per Nerve cells( cell Different cells have different clusters of genes active Development and differentiation of embryos is controlled by signaling molecules that alter gene expression in cells

第一章 实验室设置及技术原理 第二章 细胞全能性与形态发生 第三章 离体培养下的遗传与变异 第四章 植物组织和器官培养 第五章 植物细胞培养及次生代谢产物生产 第六章 原生质体培养 第七章 植物体细胞杂交 第八章 人工种子 第九章 植物种质资源离体超低温保存 第十章 动物细胞工程概述

2.1遗传图谱与物理图谱 2.2遗传作图的标记 2.3遗传作图的原理 2.4分子图谱的构建

A. 生命探索 1. 接近生命 2. 信息传递 3. 生命的助推火箭 4. 内外有别 5. 自动机器 6. 克隆羊,克隆人 7. 人工子宫 8. 病毒,病毒? 9. 基因工程 10. 欲望与渴求 11. 联合大脑 12. 灵魂出窍 B. 癌症解析 1. 迷雾重重 ① ② ③ 2. 拨云见日 ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ 3. 生物学与医学革命 C. 进化医学 ❍ 导言 疾病产生的原因 ❍ 缺陷基因致病 ❍ 不断升级的军备竞赛 ❍ 妥协的进化历程 ❍ 传染病的体征和症状 ❍ 早孕反应和肥胖症 ❍ 衰老是青春期旺盛的代价 ❍ 结语 达尔文医学小结

6.1 An Introduction to Enzymes 191 H20 in the presence of oxygen is a highly exergonic 6.2 How Enzymes Work 193 process, releasing free energy that we can use to think an I 6.3 Enzyme Kinetics as an Approach to Understanding main on the shelf for years without any obvious con-