1. Characteristics of idioms (1)Semantic unity Each idiom is a semantic unity. The semantic unity can be reflected by the fact tha he meaning of an idiom is very often not the total sum of the meanings of the constituent words. The semantic unity can aslo be shown in the illogical relations between the literal meanings of the consitituent words and the meaning of the idiom

THE MOTIVES FOR EUPHEMIZING The motives for generating euphemisms are as diverse and as universal as the range of human emotions

语言与社会政治生活密切相关。 在语言使用中,把握正确的政 治方向有助于社会大 的稳定,民族的团 结;有助于国与国 之间友好关系的保 持与发展

Restriction of Meaning Restriction of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialised sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted

a. Extension of meaning b. Restriction of meaning c. Degeneration of meaning d. Elevation of meaning

（1) A word once reserved for female persons in high places is generalised to refer to people of all levels in a society:

Associative Meaning: In the United Nations, the non-English- speaking countries often refer to the Security council as“the highest organ”, but“the highest organoften has the sexual associations in the mind of the native speakers: man's genital organ. Some Vips sometimes call 'the Security Council“ this awesome organ',(含有 “不文之物”之意),or“August Body

The term lexicology contains two Greek morphemes: lexikon and logie. The former means \word, the latter means“learningor“the study of

Partl Listening and Speaking Activities Part ll Reading Comprehension and Language Activities Part Extended Activities

PartI Listening and Speaking Activities Part ll Reading Comprehension and Language Activities Part Extended Activities