Orbital Filling Energies Example: lowest energy for 3 electrons in p orbital 个个个 energy increases when a second electron is put in same orbital 个个一 energy also increases when spins are mixed in orbitals 个个山 IV-16
Orbital Filling Energies Example: lowest energy for 3 electrons in p orbital ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ energy increases when a second electron is put in same orbital energy also increases when spins are mixed in orbitals IV-16
Organization of Periodic Chart 1s 1s 2s 3s p 4s 3d 4 5s 4d 5d p s 6d 4f 5f IV-17
1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 1s 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 3d 4d 5d 6d 4f 5f Organization of Periodic Chart IV-17
Exceptions to Filling Order H 2 2p He i Be 3s 3p B C N Ne Na Mg 3d 4P AI Si P CI Ar K Ca Sc Ti Cr MnFe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr b Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os r Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 23.V(4s)2(3d)3 40.Zr(5s)2(4d)2 24.Cr(4s)1(3d)5 41.Nb(5s)1(4d)4 25.Mn(4s)2(3d)5 42.Mo(5s)1(4d)5 Exceptions occur because electrons don't like to pair up ①飞个↑飞 in orbitals;so the highlighted 4s 3d atoms have lower energy. ↑↑个至一 IV-18
H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti Zr Hf V Nb Ta Cr Mo W Mn Tc Re Fe Ru Os Co Rh Ir Ni Pd Pt Cu Ag Au Zn Cd Hg B Al Ga In Tl C Si Ge Sn Pb N P As Sb Bi O S Se Te Po F Cl Br I At He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Exceptions to Filling Order 23. V (4s)2(3d)3 24. Cr (4s)1(3d)5 25. Mn (4s)2(3d)5 40. Zr (5s)2(4d)2 41. Nb (5s)1(4d)4 42. Mo (5s)1(4d)5 Exceptions occur because electrons don’t like to pair up in orbitals; so the highlighted atoms have lower energy. ↑ ↑↓ 4s 3d 2s 2p 3s 4s 3d 3p 4p ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ IV-18
Element Groups Alkali metals Inert or Noble gases Alkali earths Halogens I He g Transition metals B C N F Ne Al Si P S Ci Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr b Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Lanthanides Actinides IV-19
H L i N a K R b C s F r B e M g C a S r B a R a S c Y L a A c T i Z r H f V N b T a C r M o W M n T c R e F e R u O s C o R h I r N i P d P t C u A g A u Z n C d H g B A l G a I n T l C S i G e S n P b N P A s S b B i O S S e T e P o F C l B r I A t H e N e A r K r X e R n C e P r N d P m S m E u G d T b D y H o E r T m Y b L u T h P a U N p P u A m C m B k C f E s F m M d N o L r Element Groups Alkali metals Transition metals Alkali earths Halogens Inert or Noble gases Lanthanides Actinides IV-19