Supercomputers Supercomputer的定义 对于给定任务而言世界上最快的机器 任何造价超过3千万美元的机器 计算能力达到每秒万亿次的机器 ·由 SEymour Cray设计的机器 CDC6600cray,1964)被认为是第一台超级计 算机 2021/1/29 计算机体系结构
Supercomputers • Supercomputer的定义: − 对于给定任务而言世界上最快的机器 − 任何造价超过3千万美元的机器 − 计算能力达到每秒万亿次的机器 • 由Seymour Cray设计的机器 • CDC6600 (Cray, 1964) 被认为是第一台超级计 算机 2021/1/29 计算机体系结构 7
CDC 6600 Seymour Cray 1963 a fast pipelined machine with 60-bit words 128 Kword main memory capacity, 32 bank Ten functional units(parallel, unpipelined Floating Point: adder, 2 multipliers, divider Integer: adder, 2 incrementer, Hardwired control (no microcoding Scoreboard for dynamic scheduling of instruction Ten Peripheral Processors for Input/Output a fast multi-threaded 12-bit integer alu ery fast clock, 10 MHZ (FP add in 4 clocks) >400,000 transistors, 750 sq ft, 5 tons, 150 kW, novel freon-based technology for cooling Fastest machine in world for 5 years(until 7600) over 100 sold($7-10M each) 计算机体系结构
CDC 6600 Seymour Cray, 1963 • A fast pipelined machine with 60-bit words − 128 Kword main memory capacity, 32 banks • Ten functional units (parallel, unpipelined) − Floating Point: adder, 2 multipliers, divider − Integer: adder, 2 incrementers, ... • Hardwired control (no microcoding) • Scoreboard for dynamic scheduling of instructions • Ten Peripheral Processors for Input/Output − a fast multi-threaded 12-bit integer ALU • Very fast clock, 10 MHz (FP add in 4 clocks) • >400,000 transistors, 750 sq. ft., 5 tons, 150 kW, novel freon-based technology for cooling • Fastest machine in world for 5 years (until 7600) − over 100 sold ($7-10M each) 2021/1/29 8 计算机体系结构
IBM Memo on cDc6600 Thomas Watson Jr, IBM CEO, August 1963 st week Control Data. announced the 6600 system. I understand that in the a6 oratory developi门g the system there are only 34 people including the janitor Or these 14 are engineers and 4 are programmers.Contrasting this modest effort with our vast development activities, T t all, to understand why we haye lost our industry leadership position, by /etting someone else offer the world's most powerful computer To which Cray replied: It seems like Mr. Watson has answered his own question 2021/1/29 计算机体系结构
IBM Memo on CDC6600 Thomas Watson Jr., IBM CEO, August 1963: “Last week, Control Data ... announced the 6600 system. I understand that in the laboratory developing the system there are only 34 people including the janitor. Of these, 14 are engineers and 4 are programmers... Contrasting this modest effort with our vast development activities, I fail to understand why we have lost our industry leadership position by letting someone else offer the world's most powerful computer.” To which Cray replied: “It seems like Mr. Watson has answered his own question.” 2021/1/29 计算机体系结构 9
Supercomputer Applications 典型应用领域 军事研究领域(核武器硏制、密码学) 科学研究 天气预报 石油勘探 工业设计( car crash simulation) 生物信息学 密码学 ·均涉及大量的数据集处理 ·70-80年代 Supercomputer= Vector machine 2021/1/29 计算机体系结构 10
Supercomputer Applications • 典型应用领域 − 军事研究领域（核武器研制、密码学） − 科学研究 − 天气预报 − 石油勘探 − 工业设计 (car crash simulation) − 生物信息学 − 密码学 • 均涉及大量的数据集处理 • 70-80年代Supercomputer = Vector Machine 2021/1/29 计算机体系结构 10
Alternative Model: Vector Processing 向量处理机具有更高层次的操作,一条向量指令 可以处理N个或N对操作数(处理对象是向量) SCALAR VECTOR (1 operation (N operations) vector length add r3, r1, r2 add. vV v3, v1, v2 2021/1/29 计算机体系结构 11
Alternative Model:Vector Processing • 向量处理机具有更高层次的操作，一条向量指令 可以处理N个或N对操作数（处理对象是向量） 2021/1/29 计算机体系结构 + r1 r2 r3 add r3, r1, r2 SCALAR (1 operation) v1 v2 v3 + vector length add.vv v3, v1, v2 VECTOR (N operations) 11