《学科英语》课程教学资源（讲义）ABSTRACT FORMAT——- COMMON ISSUES ——- TRANSLATION

THEABSTRACTFORMAT-ISSUES-TRANSLATION1.FORMAT英文摘要对于中文科技期刊及论文进入国际交流至关重要，是通过检索机构及二次文献实现国际报道的第一信息源。英文摘要应是中文摘要的转译。高质量的摘要英译对于增加中文科技期刊和论文的被检索和摘引率、吸引读者、扩大学术影响显然意义重大。Two Types of AbstractDescriptiveAbstract（说明性摘要）InformativeAbstract（资料性摘要）2.Descriptive AbstractA descriptive abstract gives a generic description of the subjects coveredbutdoesnot provideanyspecificdetails.Descriptiveabstractsareonlyappropriateforreviewarticles.Theyareinherentlyvague3.FormatBackground (context, purpose, researchgap)Method(s)ResultsandDiscussionsConclusions

THE ABSTRACT FORMAT - ISSUES - TRANSLATION 1. FORMAT 英文摘要对于中文科技期刊及论文进入国际交流至关重要，是通过检 索机构及二次文献实现国际报道的第一信息源。英文摘要应是中文摘 要的转译。高质量的摘要英译对于增加中文科技期刊和论文的被检索 和摘引率、吸引读者、扩大学术影响显然意义重大。 Two Types of Abstract Descriptive Abstract (说明性摘要） Informative Abstract (资料性摘要） 2. Descriptive Abstract A descriptive abstract gives a generic description of the subjects covered but does not provide any specific details. Descriptive abstracts are only appropriate for review articles. They are inherently vague. 3. Format Background (context, purpose, research gap) Method(s) Results and Discussions Conclusions

牌的翻的一部分，始终活跃在该书由北京服装学院专业教师案例分中。服装文化源远流长团队合力打造，四位编者均系北京服服装英，朝代的更选、经济的装学院外语系教师，主要研究方向为进步、地区的跨越等诸翻译的中外服饰文化比较和服饰文化翻译。都能从服装本身上寻觅业者将近几年，他们共主持、完成省部级和切也都成就着服装文化首都服饰文化与服装产业研究基地科当前经济的发展、国际研项目十余项，主编了数部相关教材，加深，服装行业也需要位于服装在中外服饰文化的研究和传播方面有我国优秀的服装设计、补了当定的建树。 鉴于服装英语翻译是一与此同时我们也要多种专业应用性很强的翻译门类，属于为一本其他国家或经典或时尚广义上的非文学翻译范畴。它在遵循当前该及服装行业的先进理念、英语翻译的一般规律的前提下，又具究成果长补短。在这一行业发有极强的自身专业性特点，跨学科特理论性下，服装专业学生对于征极为明显，广泛融合了服装面料、书目来习就显得十分必要。但制作工艺、服装款式、服饰设计、服备不时国情来看，针对该专业装营销等服装行业的专业知识，需要研究新乎都是《服装英语》翻译者具备较深的本专业素养及知识翻译标会保障出版社2012年1储备。因而本书的出现极为必要，能该书理实用服装英语》（东华够帮助读者将服装英语的理论知识与巧妙结吉005年6月出版）之类实践过程结合起来，更准确的展开翻因而该地配套专业书籍，因而译与学习。就整体内容而言，本书实有助于完专业教师团队—郭用易学，适合服装专业师生以及服装该书不肖海蒸、张慧琴四人合行业的从业人员广泛阅读。理论性服装英语翻译教程《服语翻译仑》（中国纺织出版社二、研究方法与学术价值评析关翻译4InformativeAbstractAn informative abstract presents essential details of the research: thepurpose, methods, scope of the paper, results,conclusions andrecommendations

4 Informative Abstract An informative abstract presents essential details of the research: the purpose, methods, scope of the paper, results, conclusions and recommendations

Informativeabstractsareappropriateforresearchpapers.The specificdetailsgivea clear representation ofwhat is inthepaperstoenable the reader to make an informed assessment of whether thatpaper is relevant, useful or novelInRA,thereare2kindsofabstracts,oneisRESULT-DRIVENabstract,theother is SUMMARY abstract. The former concentrates on researchfindings and what might be concluded form them, and the later providesfollowinginformation:1.background ofthestudy2.primaryresearchobjecttives3.methods4.findingsorresultsobtained5.conclusionAn abstract is to the readers a"preview"of what is to come, it should beshort, just a single paragraph containing from 4 to 1o sentences(about2oo words).The basic requirement is clear, concise and informative.Andalso, the opening and concluding statement are in the present tense orpresent perfect tense.Results areexpressed in the pasttense.See examples below:

Informative abstracts are appropriate for research papers. The specific details give a clear representation of what is in the papers to enable the reader to make an informed assessment of whether that paper is relevant, useful or novel. In RA, there are 2 kinds of abstracts, one is RESULT-DRIVEN abstract, the other is SUMMARY abstract. The former concentrates on research findings and what might be concluded form them, and the later provides following information: 1.background of the study 2.primary research objecttives 3.methods 4.findings or results obtained 5.conclusion An abstract is to the readers a “preview” of what is to come, it should be short, just a single paragraph containing from 4 to 10 sentences( about 200 words). The basic requirement is clear, concise and informative.And also, the opening and concluding statement are in the present tense or present perfect tense. Results are expressed in the past tense. See examples below:

Chinese Gatekeeper Perceptions of Genetically Modified FoodsAbstractObjectiveTheurpoefthisstudystoinvestigatpercptionffooddistributiongateerinChinaregardinglikelyacceptancefGMfoodsbyChineseconsumersItalsoaimstoconsiderpolicy implications forfood exporting countries,Method-An exploratory approach using in-depth interviews was adopted.Key informants ofasampleof 20 companies infivemain.commercial centres in themainland ofChina and in the HongKong Special Administrative Region were interviewed.In addition,two interviews were conductedwith akeygovernmentoficialand aprofessorataleading agriculturaluniversity inordertoprovidedetails of Chinesegovernment's policy.Findings -According to gatekeepers, Chinese consumers currently have ambiguous views of GMfoodproductsItisconcludedthatChinseconsumrsarelikelyoacceGMfoodsproviddtheare consumerbenefits,a priceadvantage,and crediblegovernmental information concerning safetyofGMfoods.Limitations/Implications-Chinesegovernment'spolicy istotakeadvantageofawindowofpporunity poviddbymarketsuchas JapaandEurpewhichresentypreertomportonGMfoodsatthesametimeChinaisdevelopingfullpotentialtogrowGMcrops justassoonasexternalmarketconditionschange.CurrentbarrierstotheexportofGMfood productstoChinaarelikely to be short-term.Originality/Value-This paperprovidesaninsight intohow gatekeepers inthefooddistributionchanninChnviewGMfoodsndhowthyelieveChineonumerswilleactintroduction of such foods.EAP（学米语理工（第二瓶）208

Socio-cultural practices inrelation tobreastfeeding,weaning and childrearingamong Indian mothers and assessment of nutritional status of children underfivein rural IndiaAbstract862BackgroundBreastfeeding and weaning practices vary among different regions andcommunities.InIndia,breastfeeding inrural areas appears to be shaped by thebeliefsoaommunitywhicharurthrinfluencedbyocial,cultural,andonomicfacorMalnutrition is often associated with inappropriate feeding practices.This study wasundertaken with an aim to investigate feeding and weaning practices along with thenutritional status of children underfive in rural Maharashtra, IndiaMethodA cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Pravara Rural Hospital,Loni from February 2009 to September 2009.A structured questionnaire was used tointerview300mothers of childrenbetween age group0-5years attending immunizationclinic and Paediatric O.P.D. Clinical examination of the children was performed.Information was collected on socio-demographic characteristics,breastfeeding andweaningpractices.ResultsThere were61.3%male children and 37.3%female children.Ahighly significantassociation withmalnutrition was associated withmother'seducational status,family'ssocio economic status and family structure.However,no significant association withmalnutrition was noted with religion.Highly significant association was noted betweenthemothers'educational status and the time of initiation as well as duration of breastfeeding and also with the time of initiation of complementary feeding.It was observedthatonly 43%children could belabelled as normal while57%fell in various grades ofmalnutritionConclusionThe critical window of the first five years of life highlights the importance ofappropriatefeeding and weaning practices in infants and toddlers.Formost problemsrelated tomalnutritionmaybetackled by engendering awareness inruralmothers andtherebypromotinghealthyeating2. COMMON ISSUES(1) BEFORE --- AFTER ?(2)STRUCTUREa.为什么要做这项研究？为什么要写这篇论文？

2. COMMON ISSUES (1) BEFORE - AFTER ? (2) STRUCTURE a. 为什么要做这项研究？为什么要写这篇论文？