16 result (1) result (2) with V and o constant with I and o constant l2>l1 Photo- Photo- current, current, Vo:stopping potential i i V independent of I Vo Light intensity,I Retarding potential,V result (3) result (4):When emission occurs, with the same l it occurs almost instantaneously, Vocu independent of I ight Phototube Stopping [evacuated) potential, Collector Metal plate Cs V。 Cu hotoelectror Frequency,v Ammeter 2012物理果想 天细Y宗卧猫
16 交通大學 李威儀 2012 物理異想 result (1) result (2) result (3) result (4) : When emission occurs, it occurs almost instantaneously, independent of I ( with V and u constant ) Light intensity, I Photocurrent, i Frequency, u Stopping potential, Vo Retarding potential, V Photocurrent, i ( with I and u constant ) I2 I1 I2 > I1 Vo Vo : stopping potential Vo independent of I Cs Cu Vo u ( with the same I )
17 古典物理無法解釋光電效應 古典物理認為光是電磁波,是一種波動: → Ic。2,。:electric field amplitude(電場振幅) I independent of u I intensity )energy carrier by the wave per unit area per unit time perpendicular to the propagation direction 電磁波 波長2 B 行進 B 方向 光速二频率X波長 result(1)可以電磁波解釋 result(2),(3),(4)無法用電磁波解釋 交源大孽李威熊 2012物理果想
17 交通大學 李威儀 2012 物理異想 古典物理無法解釋光電效應 古典物理認為光是電磁波 , 是一種波動 : I eo 2 , eo : electric field amplitude ( 電場振幅 ) I independent of u I ( intensity ) : energy carrier by the wave per unit area per unit time ( perpendicular to the propagation direction ) result (1) 可以電磁波解釋 result (2), (3), (4) 無法用電磁波解釋
18 古典物理的問題: (1)古典物理認為光是一種波動,光強度只與振福有關。光強度越大,光電流越大, 光電子的最大起始動能也越大。古典物理認為光電效應不應該與光的頻率有關。 (2) 但實驗結果顯示,光電子的最大起始動能與光的頻率有關。而且,只要光的頻率 高於最低限值,即使光強度很弱也會立即有光電流。反之,若光的頻率低於最低 限值,即使光再強,也不會有光電流。 (3)古典物理認為吸收光波能量及累積能量需要時間,亦無法解釋光電流立即產生的 瞬時性。 result (2) result (3) with the same I with I and o constant l2>l1 Photo- Stopping current, potential, Vo:stopping potential i Vo Cs Cu Vo independent of I Vo Retarding potential,V Frequency,u 交摄大壁李威熊 2012物理果想
18 交通大學 李威儀 2012 物理異想 古典物理的問題 : (1) 古典物理認為光是ㄧ種波動,光強度只與振福有關。光強度越大,光電流越大, 光電子的最大起始動能也越大。古典物理認為光電效應不應該與光的頻率有關。 (2) 但實驗結果顯示,光電子的最大起始動能與光的頻率有關。而且,只要光的頻率 高於最低限值,即使光強度很弱也會立即有光電流。反之,若光的頻率低於最低 限值,即使光再強,也不會有光電流。 (3) 古典物理認為吸收光波能量及累積能量需要時間,亦無法解釋光電流立即產生的 瞬時性 。 result (2) Retarding potential, V Photocurrent, i ( with I and u constant ) I2 I1 I2 > I1 Vo Vo : stopping potential Vo independent of I result (3) Frequency, u Stopping potential, Vo Cs Cu Vo u ( with the same I )
19 例:假設 radiation intensity I =10-10 W/m2=10-10 J/(s m2) area of metal sheet 1 m2 assume light absorbed by atoms at the top layer interatomic distance 2A (1A=10-10 m) number of atoms in thethe top layer (1 /2x10-10 )2=2.5x1019 energy/(atom-sec)=10-10/2.5x1019=4x 10-30 J/sec-atom 假設每個原子吸收的能量都給了一個電子 assume electron binding energy =1 ev,1 ev =1.6 x 10-19 J Time required to collect 1eV t=1.6x10-19=4x1010s6c≈5day5 4x10-30(J/sec) 與result(4)不符合,無法解釋 交源大孽李威熊 2012物理果源
19 交通大學 李威儀 2012 物理異想 例 : 假設 radiation intensity I = 10-10 W/m2 = 10-10 J/(s m2 ) area of metal sheet : 1 m2 assume light absorbed by atoms at the top layer interatomic distance 2 Å ( 1 Å = 10-10 m ) number of atoms in the the top layer : ( 1 / 2x10-10 ) 2 = 2.5x1019 energy/ (atom•sec) = 10-10 / 2.5x1019 = 4 x 10-30 J/sec•atom 假設每個原子吸收的能量都給了一個電子 assume electron binding energy = 1 eV , 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J Time required to collect 1eV : t = ——————— = 4 x 1010 sec 5days 與 result (4) 不符合 , 無法解釋 1.6 x 10-19 (J ) 4 x 10-30 (J/sec)
20 愛因斯坦的理論(Einstein Theory) 1905年愛因斯坦提出了一個理論,成功的解釋了光電現象他假設: light of frequency u can be regarded as a collection of discrete packets of energy,each energy packet(called photon) containing energy Ephoton hu a beam of EM radiation>a beam of particles,or photons I of EM radiation o density of photons photoelectric effect particle-particle or photon-electron collision 2012物理果想
20 交通大學 李威儀 2012 物理異想 愛因斯坦的理論 ( Einstein Theory ) 1905年 愛因斯坦提出了一個理論 , 成功的解釋了光電現象 他假設 : • light of frequency u can be regarded as a collection of discrete packets of energy, each energy packet ( called photon 光子 ) containing energy Ephoton = hu • a beam of EM radiation a beam of particles, or photons • I of EM radiation density of photons • photoelectric effect particle–particle or photon–electron collision