One Possible Reasoning ·Guessing that“Bill is from Boston'"is Bill,Jim and Sam are from Boston,Chicago and Detroit, respectively true,then Jim is NOT from Chicago Bill is from Boston,if and only if Jim is NOT from Chicago. ·Jim is NOT from Boston Jim is from Chicago,if and only if Bill is NOT from Boston. 。Bill is from Detroit CONFLICT 日 Sam is from Boston,if and only if Bill is NOT from Chicago. Bill is from Chicago,if and only if Sam is NOT from Boston. So the guessing is wrong,and Jim is from Boston,if and only if Bill is NOT from Detroit. .Bill is from Detroit,if and only if Jim is NOT from Boston. ·Jim is from Chicago ·Bill is from Detroit ·Sam is from Boston
One Possible Reasoning • Guessing that “Bill is from Boston” is true, then • Jim is NOT from Chicago • Jim is NOT from Boston • Bill is from Detroit • So the guessing is wrong, and • Jim is from Chicago • Bill is from Detroit • Sam is from Boston • Bill, Jim and Sam are from Boston, Chicago and Detroit, respectively • Bill is from Boston, if and only if Jim is NOT from Chicago. • Jim is from Chicago, if and only if Bill is NOT from Boston. • Sam is from Boston, if and only if Bill is NOT from Chicago. • Bill is from Chicago, if and only if Sam is NOT from Boston. • Jim is from Boston, if and only if Bill is NOT from Detroit. • Bill is from Detroit, if and only if Jim is NOT from Boston
问题1: 能否借用数 学的力量? ·推理过程中,显然有些规律和被推玉 小口役 有关系:我们应该从中得出什么启发?
问题1: •推理过程中,显然有些规律和被推理的具体内容没 有关系;我们应该从中得出什么启发? 能否借用数 学的力量?
为阅读和构造证明而必须掌握的若干基本 逻辑要素一一形式化 ·基本元素: ·命题及其命题变元p ·逻辑连接符及其逻辑含义 ·特殊的命题表达式 ·重言式(永真式)、矛盾式(永假式)、可能式: ·逻辑等价 ·谓词与变元 ·量词
为阅读和构造证明而必须掌握的若干基本 逻辑要素——形式化 • 基本元素: • 命题及其命题变元p • 逻辑连接符及其逻辑含义 • 特殊的命题表达式 • 重言式(永真式)、矛盾式(永假式)、可能式; • 逻辑等价 • 谓词与变元 • 量词
为阅读和构造证明而必须掌握的若干基本 逻辑要素一一形式化 ·基本操作: ·符号化自然语言表达的命题 ·精确表达 ·进行有效的推理,得到正确的结论 ·正确推理 ·进行高效的、可验证的证明 ·证明方法
为阅读和构造证明而必须掌握的若干基本 逻辑要素——形式化 • 基本操作: • 符号化自然语言表达的命题 • 精确表达 • 进行有效的推理,得到正确的结论 • 正确推理 • 进行高效的、可验证的证明 • 证明方法
命题(Proposition) ·命题指可以判断真假(但真假未必已知)的陈述句 ·判断下列句子是否为命题 ⊙·我的收入上升了 ⊙·今天是星期二,在下雨 ⑧·你会说英语吗? 9·3-x=5 ·任一足够大的偶数一定可以表示为两个素数之和。 ②·“我现在说的是假话
命题(Proposition) • 命题指可以判断真假(但真假未必已知)的陈述句 • 判断下列句子是否为命题 • 我的收入上升了 • 今天是星期二,在下雨 • 你会说英语吗? • 3-x=5 • 任一足够大的偶数一定可以表示为两个素数之和。 • “我现在说的是假话